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美国历史上规模最宏大的公共工程项目。此处的关键不在于“largest”，而是整个短语的权威性和总结性语气。
"They are fundamental to the operating system of American life, yet few appreciate their scale as the largest public works project undertaken in U.S. history and one of the few engineered structures visible from space."
笼罩在冷战这一如幽灵般的恐惧和威胁之下。
"America’s Interstate system emerged in its current physical and administrative form in response to the technological innovation of mass manufactured automobiles, defense needs amid the specter of the Cold War, and political compromises among different interest groups."
破解（指通过诱导或操纵，绕过AI的安全限制，使其做出被禁止的行为）
"An AI capable of bioweapons development should be (a) deployed in such a way that people can’t use it for that (including by “jailbreaking” it)..."
广泛传播；广而告之
"To be clear, I am not involved in hiring at any of the listed organizations and can’t help anyone get a job there; I’m just broadcasting the opportunities."
规避；绕过（尤指以巧妙或欺骗的方式）
"...kept under good security to stop would-be terrorists from circumventing the restrictions."
宣传，推荐；免费广告
"...this post isn’t meant to be a remotely exhaustive list - just a plug for some jobs I understand especially well..."
详尽无遗的；包罗万象的
"...this post isn’t meant to be a remotely exhaustive list - just a plug for some jobs I understand especially well..."
指出；指明（具体的事物或方向）
"I wrote ~2 years ago that it was hard to point to concrete opportunities to help the most important century go well."
沉浸于；精通于；充满（某种氛围或知识）
"For this post, I wanted to focus on jobs suitable for people who aren’t already steeped in the world of AI and AI risk..."
防扩散机制（指一整套用于防止核武器等大规模杀伤性武器扩散的国际条约、协议、组织和规范体系）
"Ideally, we’d eventually build a robust international governance regime (comparisons have been made to nuclear non-proliferation regimes) that reliably enforces rules like these..."
(尤指在街头兜售劣质商品或以欺诈手段做生意的) 小贩，奸商，骗子
"the problem is if Joe Schmoe, or an underprivileged Joe Schmoe, is in desperate need of a lawyer, they might end up with a real huckster."
(法律或规则变更后) 允许现有人员或情况继续沿用旧规定，不受新规约束
"In the medieval guild, if you’re the son of somebody who’s in the guild, you may not have any particular talent at that trade, but you’re going to be grandfathered in."
(任务、责任或义务) 繁重的，艰巨的，令人难以承受的
"one of the reasons why the United States actually has a strikingly low number of physicians per capita in international perspective, is that there are extremely onerous requirements for qualifying as a doctor"
同业公会，行会（在此指代一种现代体系，通过严格的准入限制和内部规则来保护成员利益、排斥外部竞争者的组织或结构）
"how licensing boards create modern guild systems that exclude immigrants and limit mobility"
(通过操纵规则或系统) 使结果对自己或特定群体有利，从而使竞争不公
"Rebecca Haw Allensworth on How Professional Licenses are Rigging the Game for Insiders"
(被动地、通常不受欢迎地) 被转移、被调离或被推至一旁或一个次要的位置
"the caste system we’ve created through the disciplinary system, where we take people who are very problematic to begin with and shunt them towards the most needy patients"
种姓制度（在此比喻性地指一个在社会或行业中基于身份地位而划分的、固定且难以逾越的等级体系）
"the caste system we’ve created through the disciplinary system, where we take people who are very problematic to begin with and shunt them towards the most needy patients"
规避、绕过（规则、程序或权威）
"The boards are on the back end making sure that nobody does an international end run around what the AMA and other regulators have done."
(在法律、合同或规则中的) 例外条款，豁免规定
"So usually there’s no carve-out for doing it for free."
在此上下文中，指（代码）极其难懂、晦涩，故意让人难以理解。
"One of the most exciting challenges available to any software developer is that of writing brilliantly working code that’s so obtuse, so indecipherable, and opaque, that even its own author would struggle to grasp its inner workings after returning to it a year later."
无法破译的；难以辨认或理解的，尤指文字或代码。
"One of the most exciting challenges available to any software developer is that of writing brilliantly working code that’s so obtuse, so indecipherable, and opaque, that even its own author would struggle to grasp its inner workings after returning to it a year later."
在此上下文中，指（代码或文本）不透明的、难以理解的、意义含糊的。
"One of the most exciting challenges available to any software developer is that of writing brilliantly working code that’s so obtuse, so indecipherable, and opaque, that even its own author would struggle to grasp its inner workings after returning to it a year later."
展现出他们的勇气、毅力和能力。在此语境中，指参赛者展现出了高超的技巧和决心。
"While for some this is just how they naturally write code, for others it’s part of the International Obfuscated C Coding Challenge (IOCCC), with 2025’s entrants once again showing their mettle."
熊熊燃烧的烈火；在此是比喻，指（电脑）因过热而烧毁或发生灾难性故障。
"Generally as long as your code adheres to the C11 standard with a source size of 4,993 bytes or less and final binary size of under 2,503, is accompanied by a GNU-style Makefile and doesn’t turn a judge’s computer into a raging inferno — it should qualify."
记录；讲述（一系列历史事件或故事）
"As the longest-serving editor in chief for The Institute, it is a privilege for me and my staff to chronicle the stories of remarkable IEEE individuals."
成员；组织中的个体成员（此处指IEEE的会员）
"Launched in 1976, the publication was designed to keep members informed about IEEE and what its constituents were doing, as well as to report on the organization’s initiatives, technical standards, products, and services."
遗产；传承（指前人留下的、具有持续性影响的精神、成就或成果）
"By highlighting their careers and how IEEE has played a role in their professional growth, we hope to inspire the next generation of engineers and technologists to continue a legacy of innovation and service to humanity."
（官方）指令，宗旨；最初设定的目标和报道范围
"That directive expanded over the years to include our reporting on key historical technical achievements recognized as IEEE Milestones and support for young professionals with career-guidance articles and information about educational resources."
迭代；版本；不同阶段的形态或版本
"The Institute has gone through many iterations in the past 50 years."
经精心策划和挑选的；并非全部内容，而是经过精选的
"Today we publish all of The Institute’s articles online, with a curated selection appearing in our 16-page quarterly printed in the March, June, September, and December Spectrum issues."
两月一次的；双月刊的
"To provide members with a quick summary of the latest online news, in 2003 a bimonthly newsletter, The Institute Alert, began appearing in your inbox."
使对齐；在此上下文中特指使AI系统的目标与人类价值观一致
"Fund alignment research (ideally alignment research targeted at the most crucial challenges)..."
管辖范围；一个政府或机构拥有法律权力的区域或领域
"...other governments with lots of geopolitical sway and/or major AI projects in their jurisdiction..."
地缘政治影响力；指一个国家在国际事务中的权力和影响范围
"I’m centrally thinking of the US, but other governments with lots of geopolitical sway and/or major AI projects..."
（与'out'连用）给予、分配（通常指惩罚或奖赏）
"My top non-”meta” suggestion for a given government is to invest in intelligence on the state of AI capabilities in other countries."
陷阱；潜在的隐藏危险或困难
"...while also watching out for some of the pitfalls of spreading messages about AI."
默认情况下被过度重视；指在没有刻意干预时，某事/物会自然获得超出其应得的关注或评价
"I have a general fear that the “competition” frame is going to be overrated by default for a number of reasons..."
与...产生共鸣；个人对某种观点或情感有深刻的认同感
"Many people - including myself - resonate with both frames."
二分法；将事物分为两种互斥类别的划分方式
"That said, this dichotomy is a simplification."
（在此上下文中）一种高度先进的AI系统；作者自造术语，可能代表某种通用且强大的AI架构
"Increasing the odds that the first PASTA systems are built in countries that are e.g. less authoritarian..."
变革性人工智能；指能够从根本上改变社会、经济或人类命运的AI系统
"This means it could matter enormously 'who leads the way on transformative AI'..."
大量投入资金（通常带有不谨慎、不加选择的贬义色彩）
"Discouraging governments and investors from shoveling money into AI research..."
鹰派的；主张强硬外交和军事路线的
"...perhaps by pushing back against hawkish foreign relations moves."
帕格沃什会议；一个旨在降低军事冲突风险的国际科学家会议（此处用于类比AI领域的国际合作形式）
"Perhaps via AI-centric versions of Pugwash (an international conference aimed at reducing the risk of military conflict)..."
逐步推出；分阶段实施（新技术、政策或产品）
"...carefully planning out (and negotiating with others on) how to roll it out, without a rush or a race."
极其迅速的；狂热的（在此上下文中形容竞赛的速度和强度）
"This frame emphasizes that a furious race to develop powerful AI could end up making everyone worse off."
愿意接受的；易于接纳（特定观点或框架）的
"I worry that governments, at least as they stand today, are far too oriented toward the competition frame... and not receptive enough to the caution frame."
更具黏性；在此上下文中比喻政府比公司更难以摆脱已建立的流程和规则
"I think governments are “stickier” than companies - I think they have a much harder time getting rid of processes, rules, etc. that no longer make sense."
加速增加；提高强度或规模
"...including ramping up research on how to make AI systems more capable."
过早的；在时机尚未成熟时发生的
"My first suggestion is to avoid premature actions, including ramping up research on how to make AI systems more capable."