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形容词，指（商品、资产等）具有可互换性的。即在这个类别中，任何一个单位都可以与另一个单位互换，没有区别。例如：原油、标准普尔500指数、比特币。
"By doing the work of defining what a conforming mortgage looked like, the GSEs made individual loans fungible—interchangeable in secondary markets—and that attracted institutional capital at scale."
一个核心经济学和保险学概念，指‘当一方在承担风险时不需承担其全部后果时，所表现出来的不谨慎或冒险行为倾向’。
"This implicit guarantee created a textbook moral hazard: it was simultaneously the source of the GSEs’ market power and the mechanism by which risk could be mispriced."
在这里指（系统）高度复杂、精密、先进的，且通常隐含其运作方式微妙、老练，甚至可能带来意想不到的复杂后果。并非简单的‘复杂的’。
"The United States has the most sophisticated private financial system in history, but it seemingly cannot finance critical and strategic assets."
形容词，原指（衣服）定制的，现广泛应用于金融和商业领域，形容‘为特定客户或项目量身定做、非标准化的’。
"...the sectors that matter most for strategic competitiveness remain stuck in bespoke, illiquid arrangements."
动词，在这里是比喻用法，意为‘使...得不到所需的资源而萎缩、匮乏’，类似于中文的‘饿死、严重短缺’。
"While American financial markets excel at pricing liquid, standardized assets with limited payback periods, they starve those that are illiquid, high-complexity, and long-duration—precisely the assets that increase American strength in fields like semiconductors, shipbuilding, and energy."
这是一个跨学科术语，生物学和化学中常指‘限速步骤’。在此比喻性地指‘在整个流程或系统中，决定终速度或产出的那个最关键、最根本的制约因素’。
"Nuclear power is an instructive case for understanding how financing and risk management, rather than the factors more commonly blamed, are the rate-limiting constraints on strategic industrial investment."
名词，指‘彻底的、灾难性的失败或崩溃’，尤其指因为一系列错误或管理不善导致的混乱局面。语气非常强烈。
"The absence of robust risk management turned Vogtle into a financial debacle, leaving investment and financing appetite for the industry in an uncomfortable state of purgatory."
名词，源自宗教概念‘炼狱’，指灵魂在进入天堂前经受净化、忍受痛苦和等待的中间状态。在此比喻为‘进退两难的尴尬困境’或‘悬而未决的折磨状态’。
"The absence of robust risk management turned Vogtle into a financial debacle, leaving investment and financing appetite for the industry in an uncomfortable state of purgatory."
名词，指‘一股无法阻挡、毁灭性的强大力量或实体’。形容一个组织或系统拥有巨大、令人敬畏的力量和市场主导地位。
"Yet the American homebuilding industry is a juggernaut: purely in terms of residential floorspace relative to population, the United States has delivered far more housing at scale than our peers."
动词，将（规则、实践、知识等）系统地编纂、整理成法典或明确的标准。不仅指‘记录’，更强调使其成为清晰、可遵循的规范。
"These practices must be developed, codified, and disseminated until they become market convention."
名词，原指棒球比赛中的‘本垒打挡网’，用来挡球。在此比喻为‘（政府或公共机构）作为最终的安全网和担保人，在私营部门无法或不愿承担风险时提供最后的支持’。
"The public sector’s crucial role is ... as a backstop for financial risk that the private sector cannot bear alone."
名词，原意为‘飞轮’（一种利用惯性储存能量的机械部件）。在商业和管理学中，比喻为‘一个互相促进、自我强化的良性循环系统’。
"The challenge will be in creating a sustainable flywheel: identifying systematic approaches to mitigating risk at the private investment and holistic project level, without undermining the push to deliver nuclear power generation with increasing cost competitiveness and independent economic value over time."
泄漏；渗入。在AI感知的上下文里，指本应被严格区分的两个图像元素（如“女人”和“沙发”）在AI的边界框和分类标签中发生特征或边界的模糊和混淆，相互侵入。
"…the image of the woman was leaking into the couch, and that of the couch was leaking into the woman."
（系统）出小故障；失灵。在本文中特指AI系统在处理复杂的、非二元对立的数据（如人和沙发图案相似）时，出现识别错误或逻辑混乱。
"The system glitched when the pattern on the woman’s T-shirt resembled a pattern on the couch."
周遭世界/自创世界。由生物学家雅各布·冯·尤克斯库尔提出的概念，指一个生物体基于其独特的感官和能力所体验到的、独一无二的主观世界。它并非客观的物理世界，而是该生物体所能感知到的那个“世界”。
"In Uexküll’s well-known example, a tick, … perceiving the world through pressure, smell and temperature, would have a profoundly unfamiliar experience of the world — a unique, all-encompassing experience that he called the insect’s Umwelt…"
显著特征。指一个物体上最突出、最容易被识别和区分的视觉属性，例如颜色和纹理。
"…transparent objects have proved difficult for robot vision systems to distinguish from their surroundings, … because they lack 'salient surface features such as colour and texture…'"
边界框。在计算机视觉中，指在图像中用一个矩形框来标定并突出显示检测到的物体（如人、车）的最小外接矩形。
"…the cars, pedestrians and bicycles that its cameras detect have their outlines surrounded by rectangular bounding boxes…"
可读的；可识别的。在此语境下指将物理世界的原始数据（如摄像头画面）转化为计算机可以识别和理解的格式。
"When the sensors in a driverless car observe a street, … its computer vision systems must process the raw data its cameras collect to make it legible for computational comprehension."
反向拟物化的。指计算机系统用它内部熟悉的计算隐喻（如边界框、标签）来理解和表征外部物理世界，这与传统的、将计算机内部功能用物理世界隐喻（如桌面、文件夹）呈现给人类用户的“拟物化”设计相反。
"As today’s computers transition into being able to perceive our world, they appear to be seeing it through their own reverse skeuomorphic analogies."
（对前景）乐观的；看涨的
"I think it's gonna be solvable. You know, I'm very bullish on this. But it's gonna take real work."
启动；开始（尤指大型项目或活动）
"We've been able to hire in a number of younger faculty who are kicking off exciting research programs of their own."
坚定前行；勇往直前
"The idea that publicity would be pretty negative for somebody forging ahead with something like that today."
降低/减少（程度、数量或影响）
"CRISPR in principle can dial that back by changing the genes in those bugs to reduce methane emissions potentially permanently."
一次性完成；一劳永逸的
"Instead having a one-and-done therapy that just gives them a genetic fix to the problem of high cholesterol."
现成的；已有的（非定制的）
"It's an extraordinary story of using off-the-shelf technology. No new research had to be done."
（社会或文化）环境；氛围
"I think it's still very much in the milieu and we'll have to see what happens in the future."
不可磨灭的；持久的
"The discovery of the double helix left an indelible mark on the field of molecular biology, shaping research for generations."
深不可测的；难以理解的
"You literally discovered a means to rewrite the code of life. It’s a discovery of almost unfathomable ramifications."
（经历、历史等）著名的；传奇般的
"For you, you have had such an unbelievably storied career. You’re so accomplished, incredibly productive, both in academia and outside in industry."
不道德的；肆无忌惮的
"LEVIN: Do you think that there are others that are unscrupulously performing these kinds of experiments?"
无处不在的；普遍出现的
"What was so special about this gene-editing tool that really made it transcendent and ubiquitous in a way that the other gene-editing tools didn’t really take on?"
生殖细胞系（指可遗传给后代的基因序列，与体细胞突变相对）
"LEVIN: And the big issue being that it was in embryos, it was editing the germline. So in other words, it could be passed down. Was that the big line that was crossed versus another therapy?"
（在道德、法律或规则上）越界、违规
"It was really crossing a line, resulting in the birth of two twin girls. Now, when you heard about that were you shocked, or did you feel it was inevitable that somebody would transgress across this unspoken ethical line?"
进入某领域或团体的途径、机会
"And that was really my entrée into the CRISPR system and all of the CRISPR biology that came from that."
泛种论（一种假说，认为地球上的生命源于宇宙中其他天体播撒的有机分子或微生物）
"LEVIN: Hmm, I mean, the idea of a panspermia is fascinating, but it also just sort of kicks the question down the road."
意外发现珍奇事物的；偶然获得的
"In this episode of The Joy of Why, Doudna tells co-host Janna Levin how her early, “rebellious,” decision to study RNA led her on a serendipitous path to one of biology’s most transformative discoveries."
弥合分歧。指在原本存在分歧或对立的群体之间建立连接或理解。
"“Hard-fought efforts to build this coalition, including outreach and affirmative action campaigns, cultivated a movement that bridged the divisions of class, identity, and sexuality and offered a creative means of political protest,” Brantley writes."
支撑，加强。指通过提供支持来加强或巩固某事物，使其免于失败、崩溃或削弱。
"To shore up the boycott, the Teamsters had to look beyond their traditional support base."
(在其社会或文化语境中)标志性的，具有象征意义的，被广泛认可和尊敬的。
"In 2023, iconic tailgate beverage Bud Light was hit with a nationwide boycott by right-wing activists over the brand’s collaboration with a trans social media influencer."
(临时的)联盟，联合体。指不同的个人、团体或党派为了共同目标而结成的联合。
"Running until the late 1980s, the “beercott” brought together an unlikely political coalition of pro-labor advocates—including gay rights groups, radical Chicanos, the Black Panther Party, and unionized “hardhats,” who were typically blue-collar, right-wing-leaning men."
安全帽（名词）。在此语境中，通过转喻（metonymy）指代“戴安全帽的工人”，即建筑工、蓝领工人。常暗含保守的、爱国的、亲工会的工人阶级形象。
"Running until the late 1980s, the “beercott” brought together an unlikely political coalition of pro-labor advocates—including gay rights groups, radical Chicanos, the Black Panther Party, and unionized “hardhats,” who were typically blue-collar, right-wing-leaning men."
(1) 避免，克制（动词）；(2) (诗歌或歌曲中的) 叠句，副歌 (名词)。此处用作名词，意为“反复出现的短语/口号”。
"[B]y the eighties, the ‘boycott Coors’ refrain could be heard from coast to coast—only diminishing after the company signed high-profile, million-dollar settlements with protesters, in exchange for an end to the boycott,” Brantley observes."
广泛的不信任。指不信任感在众多人或群体中普遍存在。
"Baird and his fellow Teamster Andris Cirkelis were aware that communities of color viewed the disproportionately white and male union with what Brantley calls “widespread distrust.”"
在此处指（美国文化中）在体育赛事前或期间，于停车场从汽车后备箱（tailgate）上吃喝及社交的活动或场合。此处用作形容词，“tailgate beverage”特指这种场合饮用的饮品。
"In 2023, iconic tailgate beverage Bud Light was hit with a nationwide boycott by right-wing activists over the brand’s collaboration with a trans social media influencer."
联合抵制。指通过一致拒绝与某个个人、组织或国家进行商业、社交或政治往来的抗议方式。
"In 2023, iconic tailgate beverage Bud Light was hit with a nationwide boycott by right-wing activists over the brand’s collaboration with a trans social media influencer."
高调的，备受关注的。“Profile”原指侧面像或轮廓，“high profile”在此指公众非常瞩目的、公开的。
"[B]y the eighties, the ‘boycott Coors’ refrain could be heard from coast to coast—only diminishing after the company signed high-profile, million-dollar settlements with protesters, in exchange for an end to the boycott,” Brantley observes."
破坏工会。指公司或管理层采取积极措施，阻止员工成立或加入工会，或削弱现有工会势力的行为。
"“The message was simple: Local 888 was on the side of equity and workers’ rights; Coors was on the side of discrimination and union-busting,” Brantley explains."
引人入胜的叙事/故事线。“Gripping”意为“扣人心弦的，吸引人的”；“Narrative”在此指代“某种背后的故事或论述”。
"“But within this message lay a more gripping narrative—that of a Teamsters’ Local willing to reject its union’s history of exclusion, linking fights for labor and racial justice under the call to boycott.”"
解雇、废除、取消。此处指被解除职务，即“被解雇”。
"Teamster leadership axed Baird and Cirkelis from their roles in the boycott in 1975 over their ties to the United Farm Workers, and Local 888 was dissolved not long after."
（某事）有了自己的生命力，自行发展。指某个项目、理念或运动获得独立于其创造者的动力和形态。
"But the boycott had taken on a life of its own."