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更接近目标、更加准确（指判断或描述相比其他更接近实际情况）
"Mead seemed closer to the mark."
在海面下好几英寻深处（约合十几米）
"The blue lights make you think for a moment you are several fathoms under an ocean."
牵引力、推进力（此处比喻社交场上的互动动力、突破性进展）
"Many small rooms, many people, only there was no traction, or none that I could find, and no place to settle."
名人录、权威人物名册（此处指列有所有宾客名单的小册子，暗含名单上都是显赫人物）
"I headed to the ballroom to check the menu – steak and salmon – and to look through the pamphlet that listed all the guests, a Who's Who of American political journalism."
狗仔队成群结队地一拥而上
"It's easy to look stunned when paparazzi swarm en masse: you are stunned, you are blinded."
淋巴结核——一种历史性疾病，曾被认为可以通过君王的触摸治愈（即“君王触摸疗法”）
"I thought of how being touched by a monarch was once believed to be a cure for scrofula."
皇家触摸的野蛮版本——指人们争先恐后触碰JFK Jr.夫妇的行为，如同一种野蛮化、无礼仪的宫廷仪式
"The last place I expected to see a feral version of the royal touch was in the ballroom of the Hilton in Washington."
魔法般的赦免——触碰JFK Jr.夫妇仿佛可以获得某种神奇的罪孽解除或心灵净化
"But that's what it looked like, as if there were a form of magical absolution involved in approaching this couple."
使变得同质化、使单一化、消除差异
"Large language models can homogenize public discourse with their neutral-sounding prose and scalable synthetic content."
（对某人或某物进行）仔细审查、核查
"But in the Habermas Machine, the researchers generated the questions using an LLM and then vetted the results to minimize “the risk of provoking offensive commentary.”"
论战式民主/对抗式民主（一种民主理论，认为政治的核心是不同群体间合法的、持续的冲突与对抗，而非寻求共识）
"Their paper cites Chantal Mouffe and Ian Shapiro — two of the most prominent theorists of agonistic democracy, who argue that the drive toward consensus is precisely what must be resisted — in a brief acknowledgment that states: “Even after deliberation, a plurality of views may persist.”"
（比喻意义上）轻视、低估、未给予足够重视
"A system that optimizes for consensus will systematically underweight dissensus, smoothing away the edges where the work of politics actually happens."
将‘失败’制度化，即通过制度安排使持不同意见的‘失败方’在政治上仍有发言权和未来翻盘的机会
"Seen this way, democracy’s merit is that it institutionalizes losing."
（比喻意义上）排除、阻止（某种可能性或机会）
"This is an uncomfortable claim because it forecloses the idea that politics can get things right in the end."
（价值观、观点等）不可调和的、势不两立的
"The Russian-British philosopher Isaiah Berlin argued that the problem is not that we don’t listen carefully enough, but that sometimes we don’t agree because some human values are irreconcilable."
（历史上或用于收集民意的）申诉簿、陈情书
"The response, as political scientist Hélène Landemore documented, ran over two months: around 10,000 town-hall meetings, almost 19,000 local grievance books — reviving the cahiers de doléances of 1789, where citizens recorded their complaints and proposals on the eve of the Revolution — 21 randomly selected citizen assemblies and 1.9 million online contributions."
（社会或政治领域中的）停滞、惰性、缺乏活力
"In the 2010s, a Citizens’ Assembly in Ireland helped break political inertia on abortion, producing recommendations that were approved by around 66% of voters."
（问题）易于处理或解决的
"if institutions could hear what citizens really think and care about, political disagreement could become more tractable and solutions clearer."
专制主义、暴政
"Berlin wrote in his last essay that “the enemy of pluralism is monism — the ancient belief that there is a single harmony of truths into which everything, if it is genuine, in the end must fit.” And those who believe they know that harmony may feel entitled to impose it, which Berlin saw as one of the oldest justifications for despotism."
替代、暂时充当……的角色
"This is the distinction between tools that feed into democratic conflict and tools that stand in for it."
知识公地/认知公地（指一个社会或群体所共同拥有的、可公开获取和依赖的事实、知识和信息基础）
"Platforms have, at times, algorithmically amplified outrage, accelerated polarization, elevated misleading content and degraded the shared epistemic commons that democratic deliberation depends on."
庄严地、正式地确立或保护（某种权利、原则、框架等），使之不受侵犯或改变。
"Obstruction seems to be a primary barrier to enshrining a bipartisan, post-climate hawk energy framework."
播下不信任的种子，即有意或无意地引发或加剧了怀疑和不信任。
"Presidential obstruction in cases like these has sown distrust in Congress around what would otherwise be bipartisan priorities."
不可行的，无法实行的。
"Further, aggressive subsidy and trade policy from adversaries like China have created economic asymmetries where private financing for certain critical infrastructure is infeasible."
替代物，代理人。在文中指代一种间接或替代性的政治斗争/表达方式，即通过法律斗争来达成政治目的。
"In national politics, federal obstruction often functions as a surrogate for direct state-level conflict."
(计划、想法、目标等的) 实现、达成、取得成果的状态。
"Bringing that framework to fruition will require a new kind of energy politics..."
以前的，往昔的。常用于修饰一个现已不再拥有某种身份或关系的人或事物。
"It will require a shift in mindset among national political leaders with courage to challenge erstwhile constituencies..."
(观点、政策或行为的) 彻底转变，大反转。
"While we do not anticipate an about-face on obstruction from every policymaker in the current political moment..."
降低风险，使（项目、投资等）变得不那么有风险或更安全。
"Additionally, time-bound incentives such as the energy tax credits for clean firm resources can serve as late-stage commercialization policy by derisking deployment."
（各种观点、群体或因素）开始联合、聚合，形成一个整体或达成一致。
"As noted, the makings of a federal energy consensus focused on addition are already coalescing."
利用法律程序和诉讼来打击或削弱对手，使其达到政治或战略目的，而非寻求法律正义。
"Continuing and expanding the tradition of earlier presidencies, the second Trump administration has enacted lawfare against disfavored energy projects and generation types."
（在此语境下指）政权、政体，特别是运作方式，带有一点非正式的贬义色彩
"Ideology and Meaning-Making under the Putin Regime by Marlène Laruelle."
思想体系、意识形态，指形成政治、经济或社会政策基础的一套信念、观念和理想
"Ideology and Meaning-Making under the Putin Regime by Marlène Laruelle."
（在此语境下指）游戏或竞争中的得分、比分；引申为需要被打破的、不公平的竞争局面或社会规则
"The Score: How to Stop Playing Someone Else’s Game by C. Thi Nguyen."
（在此语境下指）声望、重要地位、人格或才智上的高度；而不是指物理身高
"Story: ‘The Full Stature’"
非常迅速地，突飞猛进地
"While professional geographers “struggled to secure even a small niche in the new American universities,” notes Schulten, the Society “managed to grow by leaps and bounds in the early twentieth century.”"
（使）变得极其强大，被注入强大能量，被极大推动
"Originally a private adjunct to the federal government, forging a direct connection between geographical knowledge and “the health of the nation itself, a precondition for vigorous nationalism,” the Society’s mission after the Spanish-American War was supercharged."
令人极其兴奋的，振奋人心的
"The war […] gave the Geographic the exhilarating opportunity to cover international events and defend the nation’s goals abroad, while at the same time bringing the exotic and potentially enriching reaches of the new American orbit home to its readers."
（复数形式）广阔的区域，地带，领域
"The war […] gave the Geographic the exhilarating opportunity to cover international events and defend the nation’s goals abroad, while at the same time bringing the exotic and potentially enriching reaches of the new American orbit home to its readers."
（此处为比喻义）势力范围，影响圈
"The war […] gave the Geographic the exhilarating opportunity to cover international events and defend the nation’s goals abroad, while at the same time bringing the exotic and potentially enriching reaches of the new American orbit home to its readers."
（在本语境中）无处不在的，极其普遍的
"How did the National Geographic Society end up becoming, in the words of historian Susan Schulten, “one of the most ubiquitous sources of information and images about the world in American culture” during the twentieth century?"
（专业信息或服务的）交流中心，信息交换所
"Through lectures and the organization’s journal, the Society functioned as “a clearinghouse for geographic research and exploration, especially that conducted by the federal government.”"
涌现出来，脱颖而出，变得突出/重要
"It helped that a second generation of leadership came to the fore in the same period."
（在此语境中）顺应并利用（帝国主义）浪潮/趋势
"Together with his son-in-law, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Bell pushed the Society towards a wider, nonspecialized membership and rode the imperialist wave."
（重要职位的）任期
"(Grosvenor was editor, president, and finally chairman during a tenure that lasted until 1966.)"
附属物，附属机构，助手
"Originally a private adjunct to the federal government, forging a direct connection between geographical knowledge and “the health of the nation itself, a precondition for vigorous nationalism,” the Society’s mission after the Spanish-American War was supercharged."
动词，正式用语，意为‘散布、传播（信息、知识、思想等）’。强调将种子（semen）般的信息广泛地播撒到各处。
"These practices must be developed, codified, and disseminated until they become market convention."
动词，指根据已知的数据或经验，通过推测或推断来预测或估计未知的情况。尤其指将已知趋势投射到未来。
"Tesla investors are willing to own shares at an unusually high premium, backing Elon Musk’s thinking (and there are real capabilities and gigafactories to show for that premium), yet the lessons to extrapolate from such an idiosyncratic example are understandably limited."
金融和风险管理术语，指‘发生概率极低，但一旦发生则影响巨大的、极端负面事件的风险’。源于统计分布中的‘长尾’。
"The public sector’s core advantage is bearing the tail risks and solving the coordination failures that private actors are poorly suited to resolving on their own."
形容词，在此语境中指（贷款或项目）符合特定机构（如房利美、房地美）设定的标准化标准的。在抵押贷款行业是专业术语。
"A project meeting these criteria would be “conforming,” that is, eligible for purchase, guarantee, or securitization by a public entity on transparent and consistently priced terms."