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范式转变；根本性的变化
"Analysts periodically inform us that through the inherent dynamism of technology, we are on the edge of, or have entered into, a new era to which our political, social, and cultural structures must be accommodated."
老人统治的；由老年人支配的
"It is true that the contest between Trump and Biden was rightly “decried as gerontocratic,” and as a worrying sign that the mechanisms for transmitting power to the next generation of elites were somehow blocked or breaking down."
讨好；巴结；逢迎
"Instead, our would-be elites ingratiate themselves among the existing elite by cogently styling their individual ambitions as the vehicle for the advancement of masses of non-elites."
意料之中的；不出所料的；典型的
"All of this is par for the course. Far more critically, Drochon argues that the right kind of regime is ruled by an elite that remains open to the “perpetual challenge of rising elites to established elites.”"
政变；暴动（尤指非法的、由小团体发起的）
"Even leaving to one side the anti-parliamentary movements of fascism, Nazism, and communism, to consider European history after 1945, one of the continent’s most notable leaders, Charles de Gaulle, carried out a military putsch in 1958 to abolish what he considered the excessively parliamentary regime of the Fourth Republic."
同质性；同种类；同性质
"The former are “conservative, emphasizing the maintenance of unity . . . homogeneity, established ways and faith, placing the community’s needs over those of the individual.”"
屈服于悲观情绪；陷入悲观主义
"They must resist projects that aim at doing away with elites altogether without thereby succumbing to a pessimism in which unceasing elite rule makes politics seem futile."
（对思想、作品等的）详细解释；阐明
"The reader, desirous either of an introductory explication or novel rereading of the elite theorists, would be better served by Natasha Piano’s recent Democratic Elitism..."
令人厌烦地自我吹嘘/膨胀的
"Readers familiar with them will find Drochon’s insistence upon his purported recovery of key insights tiresomely aggrandizing."
令人信服地；有说服力地
"...the elite theorists seen in his discipline as having most cogently posed the question of elites in modern politics..."
多义的；有多种解释的
"To support his polysemous notion of “dynamic democracy,” Drochon enlists the elite theorists seen in his discipline as having most cogently posed the question of elites in modern politics: Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Robert Michels."
因情况而定的；偶然发生的；非必然的
"Thinking along these lines, of potential rather than rising elites, would mean accepting that there is contingency not only in the outcome of clashes between current and would-be elites, but also contingency in the processes by which social groups come to exist, and contingency in the processes by which ambitious people are cast as representatives of such groups."
被塑造为/被指定为代表
"Thinking along these lines, of potential rather than rising elites, would mean accepting that there is contingency not only in the outcome of clashes between current and would-be elites, but also contingency in the processes by which social groups come to exist, and contingency in the processes by which ambitious people are cast as representatives of such groups."
令人讨厌的；气人的；刺耳的
"The writings that express them, beneath their rebarbative dogmatism and occasional character, are attentive to the problems of constituting a new elite capable of organizing desirable social change."
被遮蔽的；被封闭的；被阻塞的
"If we hope to convince our fellow citizens to accept the necessity of an elite, and to make this necessary elite as competent and benevolent as possible, then we must start by uncovering and clarifying our elementary experiences of hierarchy, which have been occluded, in part, by the sort of appeals to historicism on which Drochon’s defense of elitism depends."
初期的；未形成的；未充分发展的
"...in his 1789 pamphlet “What Is the Third Estate?,” provided a framework through which to organize intellectually and operationally the diffuse, inchoate demands thrust on the tottering monarchy."
一种跨感官的对应现象，指人倾向于将'Maluma'这类圆润发音的词与圆形联系起来，将'Takete'这类尖锐发音的词与尖角形状联系起来。
"Francis Gooding, writing about iconic words and their possible role in the origins of language, refers to the maluma/takete effect (also known by its variant bouba/kiki), whereby human subjects reliably associate the first of these nonsense words with round shapes, and the second with spiky shapes (LRB, 23 April)."
勤勉而细致的道德审视；指对自身行为、动机和品格进行持续、严格、毫不松懈的检查和评估。
"...more than Nietzsche’s call to diligent moral scrutiny."
旋转、漩涡；尤指一种螺旋状的、循环的、似乎无法逃脱的运动或进程。在文学和哲学背景下，常指世界历史或命运的宏大循环。
"Far from heralding a universal gyre of world-historical repetition..."
宣告……的到来；预示。常指作为先导或信使，宣布一个重要事件、新时代或变化的开始。
"Far from heralding a universal gyre of world-historical repetition, the demon’s question is an intimately personal, emotional one..."
极少的；几乎没有。'Precious'在此作为强调词，用于增强'少'的程度，带有一种略带讽刺或轻描淡写的语气。
"I know precious little about de Kooning, but I do know a bit about the Merritt Parkway..."
'Maluma/Takete效应'的变体名称，其中'Bouba'对应圆润形状，'Kiki'对应尖角形状。
"Francis Gooding... refers to the maluma/takete effect (also known by its variant bouba/kiki)..."
（形容词）粪便的；让人联想到粪便的，常用于艺术批评中描述某种令人不快的、土棕色或类似排泄物的质感或颜色。
"...the brown of the foregrounded elements, which Clark describes as ‘faecal’, may nod to the warm rust colour of the sculpture."
对（某个复杂的概念、文本或论证）进行深入分析、阐释或解读，以揭示其隐含的意义、结构或组成部分。
"T.J. Clark inventively unpacks the verbal echoes of the brown-black ‘V’ dominating Willem de Kooning’s painting Suburb in Havana..."
纠正、修正（错误、问题或缺陷），使其恢复正确或应有的状态。
"...and it took too long to rectify this flaw."
敏锐性、洞察力，尤指对复杂事物中细微差别的感知和理解能力。
"He had an unusual acuity regarding the large consequences of technical details."
邪恶的；不祥的；阴险的
"...Leslie H. Wexner, the sinister retail mogul behind L Brands (who is linked to Jeffrey Epstein)..."
使……叠盖；使……像瓦片一样重叠；紧密交织
"The land purchase reflected, to an extent, the way in which economic interests can imbricate and blur when market-crafting happens at state and local levels."
（金钱）利益；不义之财（带有贬义）
"...Intel's frustration at its two-year wait for federal lucre."
繁重的；艰巨的；麻烦的（主要指责任、条款等）
"A common Republican criticism of chips is that it imposes such onerous requirements on firms..."
（对健康或整体状况）有害的，造成损害的
"The case of Intel Ohio One, however, suggests that bottlenecks, which have had such deleterious effects in arenas like blue-state housing construction, were not the primary substantive cause..."
归咎；非难；暗指他人有罪或过错（的言辞）
"Senator Moreno called in August 2025 for a fraud investigation, launching vague imputations at Intel's Malaysian-born CEO Lip-Bu Tan."
（国家主导的）统制经济；中央指导主义
"But Trump's move potentially represents a profound extension of the federal government's industrial policy toolkit that could steer the United States away from indicative planning... and toward a riskier approach that could replicate Intel's Biden-era missteps in the public sector itself."
不可阻挡的强大力量；（尤指）巨大的、破坏性的事物
"The Partnership's former president Alex Fischer boasted in 2017 that Columbus had become 'a highly networked economic juggernaut.'"
改善的；改良的；有进行改善倾向的
"Ghosts from the Clinton and Obama eras now castigate Biden-era Democrats' experimentation with market-crafting and predistribution."
严厉批评；痛斥；训诫
"Ghosts from the Clinton and Obama eras now castigate Biden-era Democrats' experimentation with market-crafting and predistribution."
颂词；赞辞；赞美之词（通常经过精心准备的）
"Of course, panegyrics to public-private cooperation and the spirit of local boosterism are hardly unique to central Ohio."
转喻的；换喻的（用一个事物的名称来指代与之相关的另一事物）
"...steel did Pittsburgh's or automaking Detroit's, two cities that became metonymic for their respective industries."
（计划、改革等）停滞不前；被忽视；未取得进展
"Comprehensive permitting reform, a paramount objective of many industrial policy advocates, languished unfulfilled."
显而易见的；更大程度上体现的；（小的）放大/凸显版
"...imperiling not only a particular project but the reputation of industrial policy writ large."
危及；使……陷于危险
"Intel's problems became industrial policy's problems, imperiling not only a particular project but the reputation of industrial policy writ large."
方式；模式；方法；（尤其指特定系统或流程内的）运作模式
"Rather, it was a core modality of economic development policy during the height of 'big government': the New Deal."
（指系统、规则等）极其复杂、迷宫般的、难以理解的
"The IRA's byzantine structure and costing nonetheless served to clarify something critical about the character of Biden-era industrial policy."
（利用手头现成的各种材料和工具进行的）创作或组装；拼装
"A bricolage of tax credits, guaranteed loans, and direct subsidies scattered across multiple federal agencies..."
指定……的用途；划拨（专款）
"Chips's price tag totaled $54 billion, of which $39 billion was earmarked for grants and tax incentives for new manufacturing facilities."
最大的一份；绝大部分
"IIJA made up the lion's share of federal dollars appropriated in the near term..."
使……名誉扫地；使……遭到怀疑；证明……是假的
"These intricate moving parts and the relationships between them were part of the foundational logic of Bidenomics."
内生的；内源性的；内部产生的
"First, problems endogenous to the Biden White House's key partner, Intel, frustrated political goals..."
使……根深蒂固；使……处于牢固地位（难以改变）
"Both of these ambitious objectives would contribute to a strengthened American industrial base and create jobs."
故意地；刻意地；小心翼翼地（常指为了达到某个目的而专注地避免某事）
"...its architects in the nominally free-market-oriented Reagan administration studiously avoided the term."