Vocabulary

对自己的判决——一种终极的、不可上诉的自我评价

"Terrel came to read his anger and the violent behaviour it spawned as a verdict on himself."

感知到的应对选项收窄——在紧张情境中，人感知到的可行回应方式变得极为有限

"The second pattern was a narrowing of perceived response options."

'我们头脑中的图景'——Walter Lippmann提出的概念，指人们responding的不是客观环境，而是自己头脑中对环境的主观图像

"The journalist Walter Lippmann in 1922 called these expectations 'the pictures in our heads' and explained that it is the pictures we respond to, not some objective environmental stimuli."

顽固的痕迹——难以消除的、持续存在的印记

"where violence is not a discrete event but an experience that leaves stubborn traces on many lives"

威胁导向的认知框架——将模糊信息优先解读为危险的思维模式

"Past experiences of violence had created threat-oriented frames that quickly registered ambiguous cues as dangerous."

自我延续，自我维系——不需要外部力量推动就能持续存在

"A world of violence sustains itself through guns, poverty and other social ills, but also through the minds it creates"

释放，发泄——将积压的情绪释放出来

"That's how I grew up with my feelings. That's how I let off my rage."

离散事件，孤立事件——可以被清晰界定起止的单独事件

"Thus, citywide numbers cannot capture what it is like to live inside that zone, where violence is not a discrete event but an experience that leaves stubborn traces on many lives."

'街头法则'——在缺乏正式安全保障的社区中形成的一套非正式的行为规范，核心是暴力声誉作为自我保护手段

"The sociologist Elijah Anderson in 1994 called it the 'code of the streets'."

告知坏消息——以委婉的方式把不幸的消息告诉某人

"He was at home when his cousin called to break the news and asked him to come over."

（口语）恩怨，过节——与他人之间的持续冲突或敌意

"And if he couldn't find them, he'd find someone else he had beef with."

报复，复仇——以牙还牙的行为

"'I just wanted my get-back,' he said."

环境，氛围——一个人所处的社会和文化环境的总和

"Of course, the milieu that trained these frames and scripts has not entirely disappeared for most."

（俚语）突袭，找上门去——尤指带武器前去攻击某人

"It could be a person who I don't like or who I'm already into it with. I'm going to slide on them too and whoever else."

有害地、损害地；此处指贫困对数百万家庭的住房造成损害

"They should have been trying to end 'the neglect of the millions of homes affected detrimentally by poverty'."

屈从的、卑躬屈膝的；此处指工党议员对自由党卑躬屈膝

"The party's MPs, he wrote, had 'stumped the country, subservient to the Nonconformist-Temperance-Liberal Party, ignoring the great tragedy of starvation'."

在全国各地巡回演讲、奔走拉票；此处指工党议员在全国各地进行政治宣传

"The party's MPs, he wrote, had 'stumped the country, subservient to the Nonconformist-Temperance-Liberal Party, ignoring the great tragedy of starvation'."

使对抗、激怒、招致敌意；此处指工党政府因冻结税收起征点而激怒了低收入工人

"It antagonised low-paid workers by freezing income tax thresholds, so that they pay more of their income to the state."

……的命运、境遇；此处指最贫困者的生活境况

"It's not yet clear how effectually Andy Burnham will improve the lot of the worst off, despite his warm words about tackling the cost of living."

流浪儿、无家可归者；此处指Tillett出身于Easton的贫寒家庭

"On its back page, a headline declares: 'Former Easton Waif Unionises Nation's Unskilled Workers'."

反种族隔离区；此处指Bristol的活动人士发起的抵制以色列商品的运动

"In 2024, activists launched a campaign to make the city an Apartheid-Free Zone, modelled on the campaign for disinvestment in South Africa in the 1980s, which targeted high-street banks and supermarkets."

封闭性雇佣制度；即雇主必须只雇用工会会员的用工制度

"Three years later, he visited Bristol after members of his union were locked out by their employers, who wanted to end the closed shop."

（因疼痛、尴尬或不快而）面部肌肉不由自主地抽搐、咧嘴；此处指因被问及敏感问题而面露难色

"I asked him why the Greens had done so well given these improvements, and he winced."

令人烦恼的累赘；此处指Rees将民选代表视为碍事的负担

"Jo Sergeant resigned from the Labour group claiming that Rees treated elected representatives as an 'annoying inconvenience'."

停工；雇主关闭工厂、禁止工人进入工作场所的劳资纠纷手段

"Three years later, he visited Bristol after members of his union were locked out by their employers, who wanted to end the closed shop."

煽动罪；怂恿他人犯罪或暴力的法律罪名

"Tillett was prosecuted for incitement, but a jury acquitted him."

虾味薯条；一种英国酒吧常见的零食，带有虾味的油炸膨化食品

"One of the first pieces of social media put out by Burnham's team after he became prime minister showed him and the new chancellor, John Healey, chatting in a pub, ranking their favourite snacks – pork scratchings or scampi fries."

酒吧（英式口语）；pub的非正式说法

"Burnham knows that Labour needs to be seen as the friend of the boozer."

诽谤、污蔑；此处用作动词，指Tillett指责禁酒派工党成员污蔑工人懒惰酗酒

"When Tillett complained about 'Temperance cranks', he was referring in part to Labour's support for pub licensing, which he described as a class measure, the work of 'Temperance-Labour men', who 'libel the workers as to thriftlessness and drink'."

无过错驱逐；指房东无需给出理由即可终止租约、驱逐租户的法律程序（即Section 21通知）

"Even the Conservatives had promised in their last two general election manifestos to abolish section 21 notices – which allowed no-fault evictions – although the legislation had never gone through."

叛逃、变节；指政治人物从一党转投另一党

"Shona Jemphrey, who stood as a Labour candidate in 2021 before defecting to the Greens the next year, showed me the bust of Tony Benn opposite the council chamber in City Hall."

专项专用的；指资金或资源被专门保留用于特定目的，不得挪作他用

"It had also introduced new lettings policies, he explained, with a certain amount of new social housing ring-fenced for local people – around 50 per cent, with the exact amount varying from ward to ward."

竞价战；指租户或买家之间为争夺房产而竞相出价，推高价格

"He said the situation was 'tricky', but insisted that he had been able to influence policies, including Bristol's ban on landlords encouraging bidding wars between tenants."

轻描淡写地驳回了批评；以轻松的方式化解或忽视批评

"Jemphrey batted that criticism away, pointing to her own membership of Unison."

浪漫化的观念；指对事物持有不切实际的、理想化的看法

"'Swathes of the left have a historic, romanticised notion of what the links actually are between the unions and the Labour Party.'"

含糊其辞的词语；故意使用模糊措辞以逃避明确承诺

"In practice, 'affordable' is a weasel word."

被禁止的、被取缔的；指组织被法律明令禁止

"Labour has now apologised for its support for Israel's intervention in Gaza, but Palestine Action is still proscribed."

（选举中）选票的转移；某一政党支持率向另一政党的转变幅度

"In the 2021 local elections there was a thirteen-seat swing from Labour to the Greens."

宣判无罪；陪审团裁定被告无罪释放

"Tillett was prosecuted for incitement, but a jury acquitted him."

团结一致、凝聚；指一个团体或组织保持内部一致和稳定

"Renhard doesn't think the new Green Party will cohere for any length of time."

推翻、倒塌；此处指Colston雕像被抗议者拉倒

"During protests in June 2020 in support of the Black Lives Matter movement, the statue of Colston was toppled and thrown into the harbour."

容忍、宽恕、默许（尤指错误行为）

"'Nobody should condone lawlessness,' he said."

街头政治；指通过关注地方性、日常性事务（如垃圾收集、路灯维修）来争取选民的地方政治策略

"The Greens operate a lot like Liberal Democrats – pavement politics."

非暴力抵抗；真理之力——甘地创造的术语，指通过非暴力方式坚持真理的政治行动

"It was the high-water mark of satyagraha, or 'truth force', the term Gandhi coined for his practice of non-violent resistance."

令人心酸的；痛切的——此处形容奈保尔创造的一个意象既美丽又悲伤

"V.S. Naipaul, reviewing Gandhi's autobiography in 1976, invented a poignant image"

散落于；布满——此处指穷人在甘地走过的小路上撒满绿叶

"Seventeen years before, on the Salt March, at the other end of India, the poor had sometimes strewn his path with cool green leaves."