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被责备、被指责
"In some fields, such as conservation, scientists have been reproached for privileging Western science over other forms of knowledge, such as the lived experience of local communities and Indigenous groups."
极客（对某一领域极度痴迷、知识渊博的人，在此指证据合成领域的专家）
"As a science journalist, I've interviewed evidence geeks who can talk for hours about the finer details of systematic reviews."
仔细搜索、彻底搜寻
"In a systematic review, researchers scour databases worldwide of published and unpublished work for all studies that address a certain question."
逐步削减、层层筛选（从大量中选出少量）
"Then they whittle down a longlist of thousands of studies to the most relevant few, assess their reliability, extract the data, and combine the results."
基石、根本基础（不可动摇的根基）
"They have become an invisible bedrock of evidence on which medicine is based."
会阴切开术（分娩时在会阴部做切口的外科手术）
"This work, which involved doing hundreds of systematic reviews, had shown that many standard medical practices – such as shaving women's pubic hair during labour, and surgical episiotomies – were based on little evidence and some were harmful."
棘手问题（难以解决、涉及多方利益且没有明确答案的复杂社会问题）
"We might also realise that, for many of the wicked problems we face, humans already possess much of the knowledge needed to solve them."
元分析、荟萃分析（将多个独立研究的结果进行统计合并的分析方法）
"Glass called this new statistical method a meta-analysis – an analysis of analyses, just as metadata is data about data."
震惊不已的、如遭雷击般的惊讶
"But of the meta-analysis, the audience was thunderstruck."
可接受的、令人满意的（在抽象意义上）
挑选性地引用（只选择支持自己论点的证据，而忽略其他）
"Yet looking closer at the science, it was clear that the FDA and its parent health department had cherrypicked a few studies, and downplayed other more robust findings."
巨大的、庞大的（形容任务或事物的规模）
"But Chalmers knew that synthesising all the evidence on effective treatments in medicine was such a gargantuan task that it would take more people power than this."
（信息）洪流，如消防水管般喷涌而出的大量信息
"Within the firehose, there are rigorous methodologies and important findings, but also baffling contradictions, unconfirmed results and sloppy science."
纯粹主义者（坚持严格标准、拒绝妥协的人）
"A purist argues that a gold-standard systematic review is the most rigorous way of doing it and that other methods risk missing studies or including poor-quality work and thus reaching the wrong conclusion."
辛勤工作、苦干
"After toiling on this work for two years, Glass and Smith concluded that psychotherapy had a beneficial effect"
史无前例的、前所未有的
实用主义者（注重实际效果而非理论完美的人）
"A pragmatist argues that a systematic review takes too long, and that often a quick-and-dirty aluminium-standard synthesis will do."
未经确认的结果（尚未被重复验证的研究发现）
"Within the firehose, there are rigorous methodologies and important findings, but also baffling contradictions, unconfirmed results and sloppy science."
（科学和健康报道）反复无常、来回摇摆的现象
"When reading the news, you may occasionally be bemused by the flip-flopping science and health stories: one week you're told coffee is good for you, the next week that it's bad."
累积、逐渐积聚（证据）
"Iain Chalmers, a doctor who co-founded the Cochrane Collaboration, an evidence-synthesis group based in London, once called this the 'scandalous failure of science to cumulate evidence scientifically'."
不引人注目的、枯燥乏味的（但重要的工作）
"This unglamorous labour already shapes our lives far more than any individual study or news headline will."
(如月相般)盛衰消长；此消彼长地变化
"But that power, just like the 'human values' invoked in alignment talk, waxes and wanes and can be realised only through our courageous efforts"
(某人或某领域的)表达方式、语汇风格；此处指教皇通谕的语言风格
"Its idiom is theological, but its central anxiety overlaps with Kantian and Frankfurt School worries about the technocratic paradigm."
野蛮，残暴；违反文明与人性的行为
"Reason so conceived – as an intelligent servant – readily becomes, when enacted at scale, an instrument of barbarity."
技术官僚范式；以技术效率与专家治理为最高标准的思维框架
"its central anxiety overlaps with Kantian and Frankfurt School worries about the technocratic paradigm"
滑回，倒退(到某种状态)；不知不觉地陷入
"Yet the field's most serious attempts to confront that danger often lapse, unhelpfully, back into Humeanism."
法庭，裁断之所；此处喻指理性作为公共裁决的共同场域
"because reason is not a private weapon but a common tribunal – the space in which claims and ends must become answerable to all, as equal bearers of dignity."
自己招致的，咎由自取的；(不成熟)源于自身的
"Enlightenment is humanity's emergence from 'self-incurred immaturity', Kant writes"
古雅的，老派的(常带轻微贬义或怀旧意味)；此处指康德的例子如今听来过时
"Kant's examples now sound quaint: the book that thinks for me, the pastor who serves as my conscience, the doctor who decides my diet."
对齐；使AI系统的目标与人类价值一致的问题域
"The so-called AI 'alignment problem' is a case in point."
工具性；作为手段而非目的的性质
"The problem, they found, was not reason itself, but reason narrowed into mere instrumentality"
(以更强烈的形式)卷土重来地，变本加厉地
"The AI revolution has made this old dispute newly urgent by bringing the Humean view of reason back with a vengeance, this time in code."
易于处理的，可控的；(问题)可驾驭的
"A political campaign replaces the question of what citizens might rationally will together with a more tractable calculation."
他律；由自身之外的法则所支配的状态(与 autonomy 相对)
"This brings about a state Kant would call heteronomy, in which rational beings, capable of self-rule, forfeit their freedom by submitting to the rule of others."
误认，认知错位；此处指未能认出对象的真实身份(人格)
"It is to misrecognise what they are."
(用行为设计)轻推；不强制地引导选择
"What if we become so accustomed to being predicted, nudged, ranked and served"
使命，天职；(要求投入与担当的)志业
"then the future depends on whether human beings can still take up that harder vocation."
敢于求知(拉丁语箴言)；康德用作启蒙的座右铭
"Enlightenment is humanity's emergence from 'self-incurred immaturity', Kant writes, and its motto is Sapere Aude – dare to know."
失衡的，一边倒的；此处指对人性的描绘厚此薄彼
"Hume left us with a lopsided picture of human nature"
难以置信地，令人难以采信地
"but implausibly restrictive about reason"
可无矛盾地被意愿；即康德的'普遍化可设想性'检验
"whether it can be justified, whether it can be willed without contradiction, whether pursuing it treats others as persons or as mere tools."
自我决定的，自主的；不由外部因果所决定的
"For Kant, human beings, as rational, self-determining agents, have an absolute worth that cannot be priced"
争辩，争夺；(对主张或权威的)公开质疑与角逐
"only if we remain capable of the activity by which ends can become truly human in the first place, through public reasoning, moral imagination, democratic contestation, self-criticism"
恰切的，贴切的；(描述)正中要害的
"On the contrary, as a description of much contemporary artificial intelligence, it seemed apt."
(不易察觉的)滑移、偷换；此处指从工程描述悄然滑向人类学断言的概念漂移
"That slide from engineering model to human anthropology is easy to miss."
随大流、被动跟随；只被载着走，不掌方向
"Can it ultimately shape the direction of human life, or is it merely along for the ride?"
(内心)敲响的哲学警钟；指某种直觉上感到根本性错误被触发的警觉
"Meanwhile, a philosophical alarm bell began sounding in my head."
解剖学家；此处喻指'对人性的剖析者'
"David Hume, the cool-eyed Scottish anatomist of human nature, gave the most famous answer on one side"
超越，跑赢；此处指机器在(优化这一维度上)超越人类
"If intelligence is merely optimisation then machines will outrun us."
目光冷静的，不动声色的；此处形容休谟冷静、不带幻觉的观察姿态
"David Hume, the cool-eyed Scottish anatomist of human nature, gave the most famous answer on one side"