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意大利性；意大利特质（意大利语，指作为意大利人的文化认同和本质）
"Fraser Ottanelli, writing in the Journal of American Ethnic History, argues that these volunteers, whether serving under the tricolor or the stars-and-stripes, "challenged the 'official' image of Italians as militaristic, aggressive, and imperialist," instead creating an "alternative definition of italianità" based on an "egalitarian tradition and of the battle for universal freedom…""
群岛（此处为隐喻，指散布在城市中的多个飞地/聚居区）
"Meyer describes how "it was in the Little Italys that anarchism briefly thrived … a vast archipelago of densely populated, proletarianized enclaves … whose residents were almost entirely working-class people, who experienced derision and discrimination.""
“行动宣传”——19世纪末无政府主义策略，主张通过暴力行动（如暗杀、爆炸）来宣传革命理念
"Followers of Galleani, the anarchist who advocated violent "propaganda of the deed" in the form of assassinations and terrorist attacks to agitate against capitalist exploitation, Sacco and Vanzetti maintained that they were innocent..."
缺乏的；不足的；稀少的
"For much of the past century there has been scant everyday evidence of this once vibrant radical politics, though faint cultural memories can still be found for those looking."
毗邻；紧靠（建筑物或地块的边界相接）
"In the South, Italians were frequently employed in manual labor alongside Black workers, and in the North, Italian and Black neighborhoods—frequently the most impoverished—often abutted each other."
救赎性的；具有补偿或拯救意义的
"Pistelli mournfully notes that "We were the first of the white ethnics to make the break with the left, and we made it more thoroughly than anyone else," wondering about the possibility of a "redemptive political identity.""
教权主义；神职人员对政治和社会的过度影响
"This was a leftism distinct from Marxism and later communism, but nonetheless opposed to the state, the capitalist class, and clericalism."
敏锐地；精明地；机敏地
"Carlo Tresca, the Italian-born American anarchist theorist and activist, who not only fought fascist supporters in the immigrant community but also Mafia-infiltration of labor unions, astutely noted that for many Italians, "You did not need to read Karl Marx to be convinced that society as it stood had to be changed.""
被迫承担（沉重负担）；被拖累
"Today, left-wing Italian-Americans (such as myself) may agree with Grimaldi and Pistelli that we've been saddled with Alito, Pompeo, and Giuliani, but only a century ago Italians were associated with radical thinkers..."
意大利南部地区（字面意为“正午”，因日照强烈而得名）
"This political tradition first emerged in the impoverished regions of southern Italy, the Mezzogiorno, or "land of the mid-day sun.""
意大利复兴运动（19世纪意大利统一运动）
"describing a region that was effectively feudal and that didn't share equally in the economic benefits of the nineteenth-century risorgimento, which resulted in the political unification of the Italian peninsula, but which disproportionately benefited the industrialized north..."
俗气；品味低下；廉价感
"Critic and novelist John Pistelli reflects that many of Trump's attributes his critics revile and his supporters celebrate—his brashness, loudness, vulgarity, and tackiness—embody negative stereotypes long associated with an ethnic group to which he does not belong."
猛烈抨击；痛骂（正式用语）
"Frequently the mass media and nativist politicians inveighed that "southern Italians were 'by nature' emotional, bloody-minded, treacherous, and vengeful.""
狭隘的；封闭的；与外界隔绝的
"Yet underneath all of the present-day stereotypes of Italian-Americans as insular, provincial, or conservative, there is a too often obscured history of political radicalism."
狭隘的；乡气的；地方的（含贬义，暗示缺乏世界视野）
"Yet underneath all of the present-day stereotypes of Italian-Americans as insular, provincial, or conservative, there is a too often obscured history of political radicalism."
莽撞；轻率；冒失（含贬义，但也可能被视为直率的魅力）
"Critic and novelist John Pistelli reflects that many of Trump's attributes his critics revile and his supporters celebrate—his brashness, loudness, vulgarity, and tackiness—embody negative stereotypes long associated with an ethnic group to which he does not belong."
工贼；破坏罢工者（贬义）
"Not only were Italians economically dispossessed in the New World, initially used as scabs against the labor unions that wouldn't allow them to join, but they were also the focus of racist violence..."
赞美；颂扬（正式用语）
"This interpretation, while supported by a substantial body of historical scholarship, is sharply contested by leaders of some Italian-American organizations, who laud Columbus as a symbol of ethnic pride."
倡导团体；利益游说组织
"As a consequence, across the United States, Italian-American organizations and conservative advocacy groups have fought legal battles against the removal of Columbus statues or the renaming of the holiday to Indigenous Peoples Day."
篡夺；非法夺取（权力、财产、地位等）
"the figure who inaugurated the era of "colonial politics" and was guilty of committing a "series of terrible massacres and usurpations against the native people and the Africans.""
大声疾呼地；激烈地；喧嚣地
"Yet only a generation before those tragic events, the Italian radical press repeatedly and vociferously advocated for racial justice..."
“可耻的同乡”——对投票支持特朗普的意大利裔美国人的讽刺称呼
"These findings led author Christine Grimaldi, writing in The Los Angeles Review of Books, to refer to such voters as "Paesanos of shame.""
辱骂；痛斥；严厉批评
"Critic and novelist John Pistelli reflects that many of Trump's attributes his critics revile and his supporters celebrate—his brashness, loudness, vulgarity, and tackiness—embody negative stereotypes long associated with an ethnic group to which he does not belong."
衰退；减弱；消逝
"As Meyer writes, "Long after anarchism had waned among other ethnic communities, the harshness of Southern Italians' lives in a new world and the unwelcoming reception of the host society recreated a social setting that perpetuated" radical politics..."
异端；异端邪说（引申为与主流观点相悖的言论）
"Tresca wrote that the "innocence of these two men must be brought out," arguing that they "may be guilty of political heresy, but not of a common crime.""
无产阶级化的；被降为工人阶级的
"Meyer describes how "it was in the Little Italys that anarchism briefly thrived … a vast archipelago of densely populated, proletarianized enclaves … whose residents were almost entirely working-class people, who experienced derision and discrimination.""
用醒目图案装饰的；大肆宣扬的
"In New York's Little Italy, now more a tourist attraction than an actual ethnic neighborhood, T-shirt vendors sell wares featuring Al Capone or John Gotti, but imagine if they instead were emblazoned with images of Carlo Tresca, Nicola Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti, or Luigi Galleani?"
以某种方式表达的；用某种语言/框架表述的
"The defense of the two became a cause not just among Italians across the political spectrum, for whom their defense was "couched in ethnic as well as class terms," (even Mussolini protested their execution), but also among leftists throughout the United States."
飞地；被包围的孤立区域（文化、种族或社会意义上的）
"Meyer describes how "it was in the Little Italys that anarchism briefly thrived … a vast archipelago of densely populated, proletarianized enclaves … whose residents were almost entirely working-class people, who experienced derision and discrimination.""
迅速集结、团结起来（应对挑战）
"During the COVID-19 pandemic, a handful of groups soon rallied and developed living reviews to synthesise rapidly emerging studies on COVID therapies and vaccines."
要求极高的、严格的（需要极大细心和努力）
"This exacting process explains why many researchers view with horror the prospect of doing a systematic review."
纯粹主义者（坚持严格标准、拒绝妥协的人）
"A purist argues that a gold-standard systematic review is the most rigorous way of doing it and that other methods risk missing studies or including poor-quality work and thus reaching the wrong conclusion."
实用主义者（注重实际效果而非理论完美的人）
"A pragmatist argues that a systematic review takes too long, and that often a quick-and-dirty aluminium-standard synthesis will do."
被责备、被指责
"In some fields, such as conservation, scientists have been reproached for privileging Western science over other forms of knowledge, such as the lived experience of local communities and Indigenous groups."
挑选性地引用（只选择支持自己论点的证据，而忽略其他）
"Yet looking closer at the science, it was clear that the FDA and its parent health department had cherrypicked a few studies, and downplayed other more robust findings."
未经确认的结果（尚未被重复验证的研究发现）
"Within the firehose, there are rigorous methodologies and important findings, but also baffling contradictions, unconfirmed results and sloppy science."
令人困惑的、难以理解的
"Within the firehose, there are rigorous methodologies and important findings, but also baffling contradictions, unconfirmed results and sloppy science."
（信息）洪流，如消防水管般喷涌而出的大量信息
"Within the firehose, there are rigorous methodologies and important findings, but also baffling contradictions, unconfirmed results and sloppy science."
亲身经历（作为知识来源的个人直接经验，区别于学术研究）
"And some diverse forms of knowledge, such as lived experience and Indigenous insights, are rarely captured in scholarly articles and databases at all."
累积、逐渐积聚（证据）
"Iain Chalmers, a doctor who co-founded the Cochrane Collaboration, an evidence-synthesis group based in London, once called this the 'scandalous failure of science to cumulate evidence scientifically'."
（科学和健康报道）反复无常、来回摇摆的现象
"When reading the news, you may occasionally be bemused by the flip-flopping science and health stories: one week you're told coffee is good for you, the next week that it's bad."
金标准（在某一领域中被认为最可靠、最权威的方法或标准）
"A purist argues that a gold-standard systematic review is the most rigorous way of doing it and that other methods risk missing studies or including poor-quality work and thus reaching the wrong conclusion."
不引人注目的、枯燥乏味的（但重要的工作）
"This unglamorous labour already shapes our lives far more than any individual study or news headline will."
辛勤工作、苦干
"After toiling on this work for two years, Glass and Smith concluded that psychotherapy had a beneficial effect"
元分析、荟萃分析（将多个独立研究的结果进行统计合并的分析方法）
"Glass called this new statistical method a meta-analysis – an analysis of analyses, just as metadata is data about data."
棘手问题（难以解决、涉及多方利益且没有明确答案的复杂社会问题）
"We might also realise that, for many of the wicked problems we face, humans already possess much of the knowledge needed to solve them."
即兴发挥、临时编造
绕过、跳过（不经过正常程序）
"Another is that people will bypass rigorous evidence syntheses entirely: because why bother, when you can just ask ChatGPT what the evidence says?"
语料库、文献全集（某一领域所有文本或数据的集合）
"This is currently dangerous as AI tools can hallucinate and give an inaccurate picture, and most do not have access to the full corpus of the world's research."
半神般的地位（被过度崇拜、享有近乎神圣的声誉）
"Scientists seek demigod status, journals want blockbuster results, and retractions are on the rise: is science broken?"