Vocabulary

超大的、过分的——指超出正常比例或影响力过大的

"there is no paucity of charismatic celebrities with outsized ambitions and access to money"

无法克服的、不可逾越的——指障碍或困难大到无法战胜

"these obstacles aren’t insurmountable"

（比喻）捏着鼻子（勉强接受）——指极不情愿地支持某人或某事

"Even voters who might prefer the ideological profile of a local third-party candidate are therefore likely to “hold their nose” and instead support the major party candidate they dislike the least."

颠覆、彻底改变——指将既有秩序或预期完全推翻

"the rise of new political parties would take the same form as in Britain or most other parts of Europe"

失宠、失势——指从受尊敬或有权势的地位跌落

"In a well-entrenched two-party system, one party falling from grace to such an extent would usually boost the popularity of the other party."

借助……的声势、沾……的光——指依附他人成功而获得好处

"possibly succeeding in electing a number of senators or representatives on the candidate’s coattails"

最大份额、绝大部分——指某事物中占绝对优势的比例

"occupied the lion’s share of seats in the National Assembly"

以微弱优势击败、险胜——指在竞争中仅凭极小差距胜出

"Jean-Marie Le Pen, the far-right candidate, surprisingly edged out Lionel Jospin"

以压倒性优势（获胜）——指选举中以巨大票差取胜

"though Jacques Chirac defeated Le Pen in a landslide in the second round"

确信、确定性——指不容置疑的信念或确定的状态

"But these structural conditions have since eroded to such an extent that the old certitudes no longer apply."

蜕变、彻底转变——指形态或性质的深刻变化

"Germany is undergoing a similar political metamorphosis."

（比喻）强势登场、冲上政治舞台——指新参与者以迅猛之势进入某一领域

"Social media favors charisma and authenticity, making it much easier for new political entrants to storm the stage."

党派自我认同——指选民主观上将自己归入某一政党的心理归属

"The easiest way to see how much worse the two main American political parties have become at satisfying their voters is to look at partisan self-identification over time."

全民党、兼容并蓄型政党——指试图吸引广泛社会阶层、淡化意识形态的政党

"making it harder for a couple of catch-all parties to speak to most voters"

（动词，引申义）急剧下降、暴跌——指支持率、数值等如陨石坑般骤然塌陷

"But support for these so-called people’s parties has cratered in recent decades."

根深蒂固的、稳固确立的——指某种制度或观念已深深扎根、难以撼动

"The two-party system has been firmly entrenched for 200 years."

获得支持、逐渐流行——原指车轮获得摩擦力，引申为观点、运动逐渐被接受

"America’s electoral system makes it very difficult for candidates who are neither Democrats nor Republicans to gain traction"

（博彩/金融术语引申）行家、内行人的判断或押注——指经验丰富者的共识性预期

"The smart money in American politics has always bet against the rise of third parties."

政治上无归属感的——指对现有主要政党均不认同、感到没有政治代表的选民群体

"Yet even those of us who feel politically homeless shouldn’t necessarily welcome them."

（反讽用法）帮了忙、效了劳——此处讽刺性地指'帮了倒忙'即无意中助纣为虐

"Jill Stein may have rendered the same service to Donald Trump in 2016."

主流共识、传统观点——指被广泛接受但未必正确的普遍看法

"The supposedly smart money is often based on conventional wisdom. But the problem with the conventional wisdom is that it is usually right for a long stretch—before suddenly proving to be disastrously wrong."

范式转移——指根本性的思维框架或认知模式的转变

"When it comes to third parties, we may now be approaching a similar paradigm shift."

双头垄断——指两个主体对某一领域的共同垄断，此处指两党对政治的垄断

"structural conditions once favored a duopoly of incumbent parties"

盲点、未覆盖的领域；此处指该猜想无法处理的「存在完美解」情形

"Yet the conjecture has a blind spot."

反常的、违背常理的；此处指某些图结构故意「不配合」，使得即使允许用很多颜色也难以求解

"Minzer, Fei, and Wang's new result now also implies that in these cases, no matter how many extra colors you're allowed to use, there will always be perverse graphs where it's still hard to find a solution."

充实、补充细节使内容完整；此处指团队计划在论文中添加过渡语句与说明，把简略草稿扩充为完整版本

"The team plans to post a new version of their paper when they've finished fleshing it out."

标志性的、具有象征地位的；此处指该猜想在计算复杂性理论中处于核心典范位置

"The unique games conjecture is an iconic question in computational complexity theory, the study of the inherent difficulty of mathematical problems."

（在数学语境中）解决、最终确定（一个猜想或问题）；此处指证明或推翻某个悬而未决的命题

"On the morning of September 11, 2026, Dor Minzer received a text message from a friend asking whether he was close to settling one of the most famous open questions in theoretical computer science."

（作定语）引起轰动的、爆炸性的；指某项成果因其颠覆性而震动整个领域

"The artificial intelligence company OpenAI, fresh from announcing a bombshell proof about the behavior of fluids that sent ripples through the math world, had allegedly discovered a proof of the unique games conjecture."

内在的、固有的；此处指问题本身所具备的、不依赖外部条件的难度

"The unique games conjecture is an iconic question in computational complexity theory, the study of the inherent difficulty of mathematical problems."

（动词）抢在他人之前发表或报道；此处指研究者担心被资金雄厚的大公司抢先公布同一成果

"You don't know if you're going to get scooped by the trillion-dollar company."

证明……正确、使（决定或判断）得到辩护；此处指快速发表论文的决定事后被证明是明智的

"Their decision to publish quickly was soon vindicated."

清晰表述、明确提出（某种观点或理论）；此处指 Khot 在2002年论文中首次系统提出该猜想

"The unique games conjecture, first articulated in a 2002 paper by the complexity theorist Subhash Khot when he was still a graduate student, is intimately connected to that quest."

大量涌来的东西、洪水般的冲击；此处指 OpenAI 一次性发布的数百项证明

"Researchers greeted the deluge of AI proofs with the mixture of alarm and curiosity that has become familiar in the wake of recent advances."

梳理出、辨析出（隐含于复杂材料中的因素）；此处指从 AI 生成的证明中提取关键假设

"If they can tease out the key assumptions in the proof — not always an easy task with AI-generated proofs — they might be able to learn a lot by tweaking those assumptions and exploring how the result changes."

（信息、论点等）变得连贯一致、形成条理；此处指零散的传言逐渐拼合成一个可信的整体

"Then more messages started coming in, and the rumors began to cohere."

态度矛盾的、同时怀有相反情感的；此处指界内对 Minzer 结果的反应远不如对 OpenAI 那样矛盾，即较为一致地赞赏

"Their reaction to Minzer's result was less ambivalent."

篡夺；非法夺取（权力、财产、地位等）

"the figure who inaugurated the era of "colonial politics" and was guilty of committing a "series of terrible massacres and usurpations against the native people and the Africans.""

赞美；颂扬（正式用语）

"This interpretation, while supported by a substantial body of historical scholarship, is sharply contested by leaders of some Italian-American organizations, who laud Columbus as a symbol of ethnic pride."

倡导团体；利益游说组织

"As a consequence, across the United States, Italian-American organizations and conservative advocacy groups have fought legal battles against the removal of Columbus statues or the renaming of the holiday to Indigenous Peoples Day."

“可耻的同乡”——对投票支持特朗普的意大利裔美国人的讽刺称呼

"These findings led author Christine Grimaldi, writing in The Los Angeles Review of Books, to refer to such voters as "Paesanos of shame.""

毗邻；紧靠（建筑物或地块的边界相接）

"In the South, Italians were frequently employed in manual labor alongside Black workers, and in the North, Italian and Black neighborhoods—frequently the most impoverished—often abutted each other."

被改编为小说的；用虚构形式表现的（通常基于真实事件）

"Events like the murder of a Black man named Michael Griffith by Italian teenagers in the Queens neighborhood of Howard Beach in 1986, and only three years later, the murder of Yusef Hawkins in Brooklyn, along with the protests that followed, have underscored the racial tension and violence that often defined the late twentieth-century relationship between Italian-Americans and Black Americans, as so memorably fictionalized in Spike Lee's 1989 classic Do the Right Thing."

凸显；强调；突出显示

"Events like the murder of a Black man named Michael Griffith by Italian teenagers in the Queens neighborhood of Howard Beach in 1986... have underscored the racial tension and violence that often defined the late twentieth-century relationship between Italian-Americans and Black Americans..."

争吵；口角（通常指为琐事而发生的持续争吵）

"This was a complex and often contradictory series of movements, with factions often squabbling (though setting aside their differences to fight the fascist Blackshirts ascendant in Italy itself) that nonetheless organized a widespread cultural infrastructure..."

群岛（此处为隐喻，指散布在城市中的多个飞地/聚居区）

"Meyer describes how "it was in the Little Italys that anarchism briefly thrived … a vast archipelago of densely populated, proletarianized enclaves … whose residents were almost entirely working-class people, who experienced derision and discrimination.""