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（西班牙语）强制联播——政府强制所有广播电台同步转播总统讲话的做法
"I remember the cadenas—when Hugo Chávez started commandeering air time on private broadcasters for nakedly political harangues."
摇摇欲坠、濒临崩溃（形容制度或体系处于不稳定的瓦解边缘）
"My mind casts back to Venezuela 25 years ago—when our democracy was beginning to totter—and looks for parallels."
损毁外观、使变形（此处指扭曲制度的本意和功能）
"The move, in both cases, is the same: manhandle some power that has always been in the books and turn it nakedly political, disfiguring it in the process."
强人（以铁腕手段统治、往往绕过宪政约束的政治人物）
"Venezuelans recognize strongman politics when we see them."
赤裸裸地、毫不掩饰地（形容政治意图显豁、不加遮掩）
"I see the story about Trump directing the government to use Federal money to buy nakedly political ads, lightly disguised as Public Service Announcements."
以独特的、个人化的方式（形容权力行使完全凭个人意志）
"Which might sound like an insane little Venezuelan culture war detail, except it wasn't a detail: the caudillo must exercise power idiosyncratically just to make it plain to everyone that it is his personal will that's being enacted, and not anyone else's."
不受束缚的、无拘无束的（形容权力不受任何限制）
"For Trump, like for Chávez, the only kind of power worth having is untrammeled power."
发出噼啪声后熄灭、挣扎着运转（形容民主制度奄奄一息地崩溃）
"Seeing the stable democracy you grew up in sputter and fall apart does things to a person."
像卡珊德拉一样的（指发出不祥预言却不被相信的）
"I seldom voice the parallels as I notice them, because I don't want to come across as arrogant, or dismissive, or Cassandraish."
（西班牙语，在此被作者赋予特殊用法）决心/宿命般的执着——一种近乎宿命论的坚定意志
"Their deepest ideological commitment is their determinismo to be the caudillo."
常规化、惯例化（形容违法行为变得司空见惯的过程）
"The routinization of law-breaking, the increasingly unembarrassed graft, the personalization of, well, everything—all of it serves the caudillo's purpose."
贪污、受贿（利用政治权力非法获取利益）
"The routinization of law-breaking, the increasingly unembarrassed graft, the personalization of, well, everything—all of it serves the caudillo's purpose."
炫耀的、招摇的（形容违法行为刻意张扬以展示权力）
"Lawlessness has to be bold, in your face, ostentatious to have the desired impact: to shock friend and foe alike into realizing that the rules of the game have changed for good."
喧闹的、不受约束的（形容健康活跃的公共舆论空间）
"I remember how impossible it had seemed to me that Chávez could ever successfully silence Venezuela's wild, rambunctious media when he started trying—and in a few years, he'd done it."
偶然性、不可预见性——指事件的发生取决于其他不确定因素，而非必然如此
"Yet perhaps the Ghetto's most powerful lesson for our own times lies in its contingency."
来回往复、往返移动——指持续的双向流动或反复的来回交流
"The credit market, and later international trade, required there to be a constant to-ing and fro-ing between Jews and Christians."
夺回失去的力量/权力——此处指被污名化的群体主动使用原本带有贬义的词汇，将其转化为自我赋权的表达
"Open a newspaper or shuffle your playlist, and you'll find it used to stigmatise an 'other' – or, more often, to reclaim a lost power."
威尼斯共和国时期对城市六个行政区的划分，每个sestiere有其独特的行政和社会功能
"All Jews then living in the city – as well as any others who might come later – were ordered to move immediately to a small island in the northeastern sestiere of Cannaregio, a neighbourhood known as the geto novo."
以委婉语的方式——用温和或间接的表达来替代直白或令人不快的说法
"…each intended to accommodate different groups of Jewish migrants from the Iberian peninsula (those who came via the Ottoman Empire being known euphemistically as 'Levantines', and those who subsequently arrived by a more direct route as 'Ponentines')…"
威尼斯圣马可钟楼上最大的钟，因其由木匠行会（marangoni）出资建造并负责敲响而得名，用于标志工作日开始和结束
"These were closed at sunset and opened in the morning at the ringing of the marangona bell."
密封的、完全隔绝的——字面指完全不透气，比喻指与外界完全隔绝、不受外部影响
"Yet at no point was it ever hermetically sealed."
悲伤地、哀愁地，带有一种沉痛而无奈的情绪
"With no other choice, the ebrei Tedeschi dolefully made their way back to Mestre."
被强加于、被硬塞给（某人），通常带有欺骗性或不受欢迎的意味
"…an obligation that had already been foisted on their coreligionists in Sicily…"
贵族阶层成员，特指威尼斯共和国中拥有政治权力的世袭贵族统治阶层
"…a growing number of patricians were anxious to see them gone."
威尼斯的'陆地领土'——指威尼斯共和国在意大利本土（区别于威尼斯泻湖岛屿和海外殖民地）的领地
"Heavy taxes and loans were asked of Jewish communities throughout the terraferma (mainland); and, with food prices rising by the day, Venice did whatever it could to keep Jewish credit flowing."
托钵修会——中世纪天主教中以乞食为生、不拥有固定财产的修会，如方济各会和多明我会
"Officially, this was intended to apply only to Castile; but in Italy, the mendicant orders were not slow to pick up on its implications."
正式颁布、公布（法令、教令等），尤指教皇或政府正式发布具有约束力的文件
"In response to a complaint from King John II of Castile about the 'scandalous' offences Jews were supposedly committing against Christians in his kingdom, Pope Eugenius IV promulgated a bull – Dudum ad nostram audientiam (1442) – that attempted to separate the two religions as completely as possible."
仓促的、轻率的；也可指陡峭的。此处指政府行动过于突然而未加审慎考虑
"Although the Jews' contribution to the city's financial stability ultimately prevented the government from taking any precipitous steps just yet, a growing number of patricians were anxious to see them gone."
本身、本质上；不考虑其他因素而独立地看
"But none of them had ever broken through into common parlance as a way of describing segregation per se."
特定群体或领域的用语、说法；某种语言表达方式
"But none of them had ever broken through into common parlance as a way of describing segregation per se."
不稳定状态、朝不保夕的处境，尤指缺乏经济保障和社会保护的生活条件
"Brought to the United States in the late 19th century, it was used to describe the poverty and precarity of any migrant group."
污名化、给……打上耻辱的标记，使某群体被社会视为不光彩或低人一等
"Open a newspaper or shuffle your playlist, and you'll find it used to stigmatise an 'other' – or, more often, to reclaim a lost power."
以转喻的方式——即用与某事物密切相关的名称来指代该事物本身（如用'白宫'指代美国政府）
"Precisely because the word was being used metonymically, rather than just geographically, the word 'ghetto' could be used to describe any Jewish segregation anywhere."
文艺复兴时期意大利城市国家与银行家（通常为犹太银行家）签订的正式合同，规定贷款条件、利率上限和居住权利
"More likely than not, in 1366, several German Jews signed a contract (condotta) with the chief magistrate of Mestre, granting them protected status, in exchange for keeping their interest rates down."
同一宗教的信徒、教友，特指与自己信仰相同宗教的人
"Although they were not forbidden to visit Venice, they would be allowed to stay only for 15 days at a time and were required to wear a yellow circle on their outer clothing at all times, so that they could be clearly identified – an obligation that had already been foisted on their coreligionists in Sicily, and which would subsequently be imposed in many other Italian cities."
教皇诏书——教皇以正式文书形式发布的具有最高权威的教令，通常以拉丁文开头几字命名
"Pope Eugenius IV promulgated a bull – Dudum ad nostram audientiam (1442) – that attempted to separate the two religions as completely as possible."
慈悲银行——15世纪意大利出现的由教会支持的慈善信贷机构，以低息或无息向穷人提供小额贷款
"With the papacy's approval, they proposed that towns should set up monti di pietà ('banks of compassion')."
（隐喻用法）助长、滋养——在此指教育中的'遗漏'（omission）为AfD的叙事'提供了养分'。
"This omission fed the AfD narrative that Germans needed to stop feeling guilty for the Nazi era and to be proud of their history."
社会污名——某一群体因被认为'低人一等'而承受的社会贬抑和歧视标记。
"They bore a subtle social stigma that showed up in phenomena like regional accents and the Easterners' inability to speak English well."
同胞、同国人——指与自己属于同一国家的人。在此语境中指东德人眼中的'西德同胞'。
"Many Easterners felt that they were being looked down upon by their Western compatriots."
怀旧的——对过去（常为理想化的过去）抱有深切眷恋的。在此指老年选民对统一前或更早时代的怀念。
"In both countries, young men have joined hands with the elderly nostalgic for the past in opposing mainstream parties that they feel have ignored and disrespected them."
背景、大环境——指某事发生时所处的整体社会、政治或历史情境。
"It is against this backdrop that the rise of the AfD must be understood."
（反讽用法）'好戏登场'——讽刺性地引出AfD的出现，暗示这正是前述问题的'必然结果'或'适时登场'。
"West Germans never fully treated Easterners as equal. Cue the AfD."
（经济/制度语境）被拆解、被废除——指东德低效的工业基础被系统性地拆除或关停。
"The GDR's inefficient industrial base was largely dismantled; while there was new investment in the East, many workers found their livelihoods disrupted."
（政治语境）'防火墙策略'——主流政党拒绝与极右翼政党进行任何合作或联合执政的政策方针，旨在将其隔离于政治主流之外。
"The CDU and other mainstream parties had up to now been following a 'firewall' strategy of refusing to consider cooperation with the AfD, a policy of marginalization that has obviously failed to work."
拥护、信奉（某种理念或政策）——在此语境中指精英阶层公开表达对平等主义政策的支持。
"These elites may have espoused egalitarian policy views, but they did not perceive the huge social gap that had opened up between themselves and their less-educated peers living outside of big cities."
（社会/政治语境）分裂、裂隙——指社会群体之间深刻的鸿沟或对立。
"The de-industrialization brought on by a globalizing economy and neo-liberal policies exacerbated this cleavage, with heartland jobs being outsourced or replaced by a service sector requiring a different type of education and skills."
（人口统计语境）偏斜的、比例失衡的——在此指1991年后离开东德的人群中女性比例偏高。
"While early leavers were largely young men, after 1991 they skewed female."
（习语）完全适用、尤其适用——'in spades'意为'大量地、极其'，整句表示某解释在此情况下不仅成立，而且尤为贴切。
"It seems to me that this explanation applies in spades to Germany."
民粹主义-民族主义的——一种将'人民'与'腐败精英'对立的民粹主义诉求，与强调民族认同、排斥外来者的民族主义相结合的政治意识形态标签。
"In my memoir, I had argued that one explanation for the rise of populist-nationalist parties like the AfD in Germany and Trump's MAGA movement in the U.S. was less the failure to distribute material goods than the distribution of equal respect"