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像卡珊德拉一样的（指发出不祥预言却不被相信的）
"I seldom voice the parallels as I notice them, because I don't want to come across as arrogant, or dismissive, or Cassandraish."
准神秘的（形容领袖与追随者之间近乎宗教性的关系）
"Limply glossed as 'strongman,' a caudillo is so much more: a messianic figure locked in a strange, quasi-mystical transaction with his followers."
软弱无力地、缺乏说服力地（形容翻译的苍白无力）
"Limply glossed as 'strongman,' a caudillo is so much more: a messianic figure locked in a strange, quasi-mystical transaction with his followers."
退位、放弃（此处指民众主动放弃自身主权）
"In a famous column, Carlos Alberto Montaner described it as an 'abdication' of people's sovereignty."
包围、限制（使某人/某物无法自由行动）
"Power within-agreed-bounds, power that must account for itself, power that is divided or circumscribed or in any way hemmed in by what anybody else thinks, is no power at all."
限制、划定界限（形容对权力施加制度性约束）
"Power within-agreed-bounds, power that must account for itself, power that is divided or circumscribed or in any way hemmed in by what anybody else thinks, is no power at all."
考迪罗——拉美政治中通过个人魅力与民众建立准神秘契约的军事/政治强人
"In Spanish, we have a word for the man who wields power in this way: caudillo."
返祖性的、远古遗传的（形容人类对强人统治的原始本能渴求）
"What people like Trump, and Chávez before him, grasp is the atavistic thirst that people have for a caudillo."
粗暴地摆弄、胡乱改造（此处指滥用本已存在的权力工具）
"The move, in both cases, is the same: manhandle some power that has always been in the books and turn it nakedly political, disfiguring it in the process."
被冒犯的、被侮辱的（形容强人对权力受限感到个人受辱）
"They are profoundly, personally affronted by any attempt to limit their power."
损毁外观、使变形（此处指扭曲制度的本意和功能）
"The move, in both cases, is the same: manhandle some power that has always been in the books and turn it nakedly political, disfiguring it in the process."
不受束缚的、无拘无束的（形容权力不受任何限制）
"For Trump, like for Chávez, the only kind of power worth having is untrammeled power."
长篇的、慷慨激昂的训斥性或煽动性演说
"I remember the cadenas—when Hugo Chávez started commandeering air time on private broadcasters for nakedly political harangues."
超越性的、至高的（形容超越个人利益之上的共同目标）
"The caudillo and his followers share a transcendent goal: to establish untrammeled power, first, in order to put all downstream objectives within reach."
（西班牙语）强制联播——政府强制所有广播电台同步转播总统讲话的做法
"I remember the cadenas—when Hugo Chávez started commandeering air time on private broadcasters for nakedly political harangues."
赤裸裸地、毫不掩饰地（形容政治意图显豁、不加遮掩）
"I see the story about Trump directing the government to use Federal money to buy nakedly political ads, lightly disguised as Public Service Announcements."
支线任务（借自电子游戏术语，指偏离主线的次要任务）
"The decision to bulldoze the White House East Wing, and threaten to do the same to the Kennedy Center, seem like strange side-quests in a normal political frame."
强行推平、蛮横拆除（此处指不顾反对强行改造白宫建筑）
"The decision to bulldoze the White House East Wing, and threaten to do the same to the Kennedy Center, seem like strange side-quests in a normal political frame."
摇摇欲坠、濒临崩溃（形容制度或体系处于不稳定的瓦解边缘）
"My mind casts back to Venezuela 25 years ago—when our democracy was beginning to totter—and looks for parallels."
强行征用、霸占（原指军事征用，此处指政府强行占用广播时段）
"I remember the cadenas—when Hugo Chávez started commandeering air time on private broadcasters for nakedly political harangues."
强人（以铁腕手段统治、往往绕过宪政约束的政治人物）
"Venezuelans recognize strongman politics when we see them."
以委婉语的方式——用温和或间接的表达来替代直白或令人不快的说法
"…each intended to accommodate different groups of Jewish migrants from the Iberian peninsula (those who came via the Ottoman Empire being known euphemistically as 'Levantines', and those who subsequently arrived by a more direct route as 'Ponentines')…"
威尼斯的'陆地领土'——指威尼斯共和国在意大利本土（区别于威尼斯泻湖岛屿和海外殖民地）的领地
"Heavy taxes and loans were asked of Jewish communities throughout the terraferma (mainland); and, with food prices rising by the day, Venice did whatever it could to keep Jewish credit flowing."
密封的、完全隔绝的——字面指完全不透气，比喻指与外界完全隔绝、不受外部影响
"Yet at no point was it ever hermetically sealed."
仓促的、轻率的；也可指陡峭的。此处指政府行动过于突然而未加审慎考虑
"Although the Jews' contribution to the city's financial stability ultimately prevented the government from taking any precipitous steps just yet, a growing number of patricians were anxious to see them gone."
贵族阶层成员，特指威尼斯共和国中拥有政治权力的世袭贵族统治阶层
"…a growing number of patricians were anxious to see them gone."
来回往复、往返移动——指持续的双向流动或反复的来回交流
"The credit market, and later international trade, required there to be a constant to-ing and fro-ing between Jews and Christians."
正式颁布、公布（法令、教令等），尤指教皇或政府正式发布具有约束力的文件
"In response to a complaint from King John II of Castile about the 'scandalous' offences Jews were supposedly committing against Christians in his kingdom, Pope Eugenius IV promulgated a bull – Dudum ad nostram audientiam (1442) – that attempted to separate the two religions as completely as possible."
教皇诏书——教皇以正式文书形式发布的具有最高权威的教令，通常以拉丁文开头几字命名
"Pope Eugenius IV promulgated a bull – Dudum ad nostram audientiam (1442) – that attempted to separate the two religions as completely as possible."
偶然性、不可预见性——指事件的发生取决于其他不确定因素，而非必然如此
"Yet perhaps the Ghetto's most powerful lesson for our own times lies in its contingency."
慈悲银行——15世纪意大利出现的由教会支持的慈善信贷机构，以低息或无息向穷人提供小额贷款
"With the papacy's approval, they proposed that towns should set up monti di pietà ('banks of compassion')."
夺回失去的力量/权力——此处指被污名化的群体主动使用原本带有贬义的词汇，将其转化为自我赋权的表达
"Open a newspaper or shuffle your playlist, and you'll find it used to stigmatise an 'other' – or, more often, to reclaim a lost power."
被强加于、被硬塞给（某人），通常带有欺骗性或不受欢迎的意味
"…an obligation that had already been foisted on their coreligionists in Sicily…"
同一宗教的信徒、教友，特指与自己信仰相同宗教的人
"Although they were not forbidden to visit Venice, they would be allowed to stay only for 15 days at a time and were required to wear a yellow circle on their outer clothing at all times, so that they could be clearly identified – an obligation that had already been foisted on their coreligionists in Sicily, and which would subsequently be imposed in many other Italian cities."
不稳定状态、朝不保夕的处境，尤指缺乏经济保障和社会保护的生活条件
"Brought to the United States in the late 19th century, it was used to describe the poverty and precarity of any migrant group."
污名化、给……打上耻辱的标记，使某群体被社会视为不光彩或低人一等
"Open a newspaper or shuffle your playlist, and you'll find it used to stigmatise an 'other' – or, more often, to reclaim a lost power."
文艺复兴时期意大利城市国家与银行家（通常为犹太银行家）签订的正式合同，规定贷款条件、利率上限和居住权利
"More likely than not, in 1366, several German Jews signed a contract (condotta) with the chief magistrate of Mestre, granting them protected status, in exchange for keeping their interest rates down."
托钵修会——中世纪天主教中以乞食为生、不拥有固定财产的修会，如方济各会和多明我会
"Officially, this was intended to apply only to Castile; but in Italy, the mendicant orders were not slow to pick up on its implications."
特定群体或领域的用语、说法；某种语言表达方式
"But none of them had ever broken through into common parlance as a way of describing segregation per se."
以转喻的方式——即用与某事物密切相关的名称来指代该事物本身（如用'白宫'指代美国政府）
"Precisely because the word was being used metonymically, rather than just geographically, the word 'ghetto' could be used to describe any Jewish segregation anywhere."
悲伤地、哀愁地，带有一种沉痛而无奈的情绪
"With no other choice, the ebrei Tedeschi dolefully made their way back to Mestre."
本身、本质上；不考虑其他因素而独立地看
"But none of them had ever broken through into common parlance as a way of describing segregation per se."
威尼斯圣马可钟楼上最大的钟，因其由木匠行会（marangoni）出资建造并负责敲响而得名，用于标志工作日开始和结束
"These were closed at sunset and opened in the morning at the ringing of the marangona bell."
威尼斯共和国时期对城市六个行政区的划分，每个sestiere有其独特的行政和社会功能
"All Jews then living in the city – as well as any others who might come later – were ordered to move immediately to a small island in the northeastern sestiere of Cannaregio, a neighbourhood known as the geto novo."
社会污名——某一群体因被认为'低人一等'而承受的社会贬抑和歧视标记。
"They bore a subtle social stigma that showed up in phenomena like regional accents and the Easterners' inability to speak English well."
（隐喻用法）助长、滋养——在此指教育中的'遗漏'（omission）为AfD的叙事'提供了养分'。
"This omission fed the AfD narrative that Germans needed to stop feeling guilty for the Nazi era and to be proud of their history."
（社会/政治语境）分裂、裂隙——指社会群体之间深刻的鸿沟或对立。
"The de-industrialization brought on by a globalizing economy and neo-liberal policies exacerbated this cleavage, with heartland jobs being outsourced or replaced by a service sector requiring a different type of education and skills."
拥护、信奉（某种理念或政策）——在此语境中指精英阶层公开表达对平等主义政策的支持。
"These elites may have espoused egalitarian policy views, but they did not perceive the huge social gap that had opened up between themselves and their less-educated peers living outside of big cities."
（人口统计语境）偏斜的、比例失衡的——在此指1991年后离开东德的人群中女性比例偏高。
"While early leavers were largely young men, after 1991 they skewed female."
（政治语境）'防火墙策略'——主流政党拒绝与极右翼政党进行任何合作或联合执政的政策方针，旨在将其隔离于政治主流之外。
"The CDU and other mainstream parties had up to now been following a 'firewall' strategy of refusing to consider cooperation with the AfD, a policy of marginalization that has obviously failed to work."