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不愿面对、回避正视（问题）
"There's a strange unwillingness to confront this as one of the reasons for the political troubles Europe is finding itself in."
不可挽救的、无法修复的
"What I think is striking is that today Germany's post-war model is really unsalvageable."
巨大的、极大的（口语化强调）
"you see that there is a humongous gap between where the voters are on immigration and things like that, and where the mainstream, right-wing politicians are."
（动词）容忍、准许——此处指国民联盟完全拒绝容忍任何形式的养老金改革
"The Rassemblement National of Marine Le Pen in France has been effective in part by totally refusing to countenance anything like a pension reform."
背叛、辜负——此处指选择创业而非服务欧盟机构被视为对欧洲的'背叛'
"Like, that's betraying Europe, right? You're serving Europe by becoming a good bureaucrat."
缺乏、不足、稀少
"I'm surprised by the paucity of debate about how Germany can reinvent itself, given how urgent the need for that is."
反未来联盟——作者创造的政治术语，指那些其政策在本质上阻碍未来发展和社会进步的政治联盟
"So they're firmly part of the anti-future coalitions."
创造性破坏：经济学家熊彼特提出的概念，指资本主义通过新技术和新企业淘汰旧产业和旧企业的过程
"Creative destruction, which is what we're talking about, is a crucial aspect of progress."
（比喻义）帮你冲过终点线、让你勉强过关——指某种惯性或路径依赖使你在不做出根本改变的情况下也能维持成功
"You do something better, you never fire anybody, you hire just a few people, you continue in that path, and that path kind of carries you over the line."
纠正、矫正（错误）
"before you try for something that might work or not, you're going to think twice, because if you make a mistake, you cannot rectify it."
超额回报：远超正常水平的收益或回报
"there's been outsized returns to being a startup founder in the United States"
（常含贬义）官员、公务员——尤指机械执行职责、缺乏主动性的官僚
"perhaps being a functionary in Brussels is more honorable, or somehow a better way to serve Europe"
令人不安的、令人困惑的——指某事使人感到不安或失去镇定
"it's still disconcerting how little awareness there is of the depth of the European crisis"
自给自足（经济）：一个国家或经济体不依赖国际贸易，完全依靠自身资源生存的状态
"People are dreaming of a world where you have your own apple tree, this Greta Thunberg-type of green attitude, where you eat your own apples and don't trade with anybody and live in autarky forever."
奢侈信念：社会学家Rob Henderson提出的概念，指精英阶层持有的、对自身无代价但对社会底层有害的进步主义信念
"Yes, there are definitely these luxury beliefs, very widespread, particularly among German elites."
劳动力市场僵化：指因法规、工会力量或制度约束导致劳动力市场缺乏灵活性，企业难以自由雇佣和解雇员工
"In this week's conversation, Yascha Mounk and Luis Garicano discuss why Europe has failed to produce world-leading technology companies, whether labor market rigidities and a fragmented single market explain Europe's innovation deficit, and whether culture versus institutions are to blame for European risk aversion."
（比喻义）解开、扭转、纠正——此处指纠正欧洲的困境，将其从错误轨道上扭转回来
"If I can put it in somewhat blunt terms, the idea of The Rhine Group is to unscrew Europe."
处于最前沿、领先地位
"We were at the forefront of technology."
市值：公司已发行股票的总市场价值
"What is the market capitalization of European startups?"
机会成本：为了获得某物而放弃的最有价值的替代方案的价值
"That nature gets enormous investment in the form of the opportunity cost of not building, and we don't protect nature in places where we could be actually generating more nature."
渐进式创新：在现有技术或产品基础上进行逐步改进，而非颠覆性变革
"We are good at incremental innovation."
（比喻义）下游的、后续引发的——指由某个原因间接导致的结果或效应
"it may be that culture is downstream from a lot of those institutional things"
重新争论、重新辩论（已讨论过的问题）
"I don't want to relitigate an earlier part of this conversation, Luis, but how is this not a cultural problem?"
（比喻义）容易实现的目标、最容易摘取的成果——指最容易达成、回报最快的行动
"What we need to do is look for low-hanging fruit, a set of institutional changes that can then lead to all these other downstream changes."
蟾蜍、癞蛤蟆——此处指柏林某建筑工地上的一种非本地蟾蜍，因保护法规而阻止了数千套公寓的建造
"Do you know about these toads, Yascha?"
任意的、武断的、随意的
"even when we have single market rules that are the same, the regulators apply them in different ways."
贬低；诋毁——此处指殖民话语中系统性地贬低非西方文化和知识体系
兄弟般的；兄弟情谊的——此处指人类作为平等兄弟而非'交战部落'的关系
"mankind is not a group of warring tribes, but a single, equal and fraternal community"
前缀：原型的；初期的——此处 proto-world government 指'世界政府的雏形'
"Ward advocated for institutional innovation on a planetary scale and considered the UN as a proto-world government."
有远见的；深谋远虑的——能够预见未来趋势和挑战
"Ward remains relevant today as a far-sighted thinker who anticipated the intertwined challenges of inequality, environmental degradation and global governance"
交织的；紧密相连的——多个问题相互缠绕、难以分割
"Ward remains relevant today as a far-sighted thinker who anticipated the intertwined challenges of inequality, environmental degradation and global governance that continue to dominate political debates."
生物圈——地球上所有生命体及其相互作用的整体系统
"She edited the collected ideas into a comprehensive document outlining possible approaches to ensure that economic growth wouldn't come at the expense of the biosphere"
困境；窘境——此处指加纳在独立后面临的结构性发展难题
"Ward's diagnosis of Ghana's predicament emerged from an intellectual trajectory that predated decolonisation itself."
自决；民族自决——殖民地或民族自主决定其政治地位和治理方式的权利
"In her later writings about the environment, she advanced a more inclusive idea of planetary community based on 'physical interconnectedness' and postcolonial self-determination"
家长式作风的——以居高临下的方式替他人做决定，如同父亲对待子女
"Her proposals for the development of postcolonial societies expressed a paternalistic, hierarchical worldview."
开创；开启——此处指太空时代标志着一个全新时代的开端
"She was one of the first to argue that the Space Age would inaugurate a new kind of distinctively 'planetary' politics"
（同一时期进入某机构或处于同一阶段的）一批人；群体
"he invited Ward to address the independent country's first cohort of students"
全球性的；行星级别的——在此文中不是天文学用法，而是指将地球视为一个整体单位来思考政治、经济和生态问题
"She was among the first to argue that prosperity, equality and the protection of nature are inseparable planetary goals"
大声疾呼的；激烈表达的——形容公开发表强烈意见的人
"While Nkrumah was a vociferous opponent of colonialism, Ward uncritically appreciated the civilisational and technical legacies of empire."
预见；先于……行动——此处指Ward提前洞察了后人仍在面对的挑战
"Ward remains relevant today as a far-sighted thinker who anticipated the intertwined challenges of inequality, environmental degradation and global governance"
不加批判地；全盘接受地——此处指Ward未对帝国遗产进行审视就予以肯定
"While Nkrumah was a vociferous opponent of colonialism, Ward uncritically appreciated the civilisational and technical legacies of empire."
不稳定的；岌岌可危的——此处指地球在宇宙中极为脆弱的处境
"He argued that Earth was a capsule with limited resources on a 'totally precarious' vast space voyage"
教会的；基督教教会的——特指制度性的教会组织
"She criticised the ecclesiastical institutions, although she was one of the few women in 1964 invited to contribute her expertise to the Second Vatican Council"
使……有正当理由；需要——此处指这些问题'值得'或'需要'一个全球性解决方案
"she supported Nkrumah's international political aspirations by suggesting that economic development, international cooperation, and even world peace were interrelated problems that warranted a planetary solution"
掠夺；抢劫——此处指欧洲列强对殖民地资源和财富的系统性榨取
"Historically, Europe and the US prospered from the continuous plunder of colonial capital and resources."
多元主义——社会中多种族群、文化、信仰共存的状态或理念
"Ward recognised the value of humanity's pluralism yet, as a devout Catholic, she found inspiration in Christianity."
（生物学/神经科学）稳态的——生物体维持内部环境稳定的自我调节过程
"AIs cannot know the "ground truth" of embodied intelligence, which, at bottom, is the homeostatic quest for survival that neuroscientist Antonio Damasio argues is the root of emotion and self-awareness."
（AI 理论）递归式自我改进——AI系统能够改进自身的架构或能力，而改进后的系统又能进一步改进自身，形成正反馈循环
"Precisely the danger of AIs is that they become empowered as actors through "recursive self-improvement" ungrounded in lived experience."
缠绕、交织——两个或多个事物彼此紧密缠绕、难以分离的状态
"In this sense, retaining "human control" of AIs means purposefully and insistently instantiating the integral element drawn from lived human experience into our entwinement with intelligent machines."
具体实现、实例化——将抽象概念或原则在具体情境中落实为实际存在
"In this sense, retaining "human control" of AIs means purposefully and insistently instantiating the integral element drawn from lived human experience into our entwinement with intelligent machines."