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充满、满溢着（某种事物或情绪）
"Later, I head for my office and open my laptop to a slew of half-completed documents and an inbox brimming with emails."
在此语境中指凌晨时分，尤指半夜至凌晨三点左右人们容易醒来或感到不安的时段
"As a woman in my late 40s, I have become prone to waking at this witching hour, as the early sunlight meets the night, sliding across the earth like a red tide."
巨大的、骇人的（此处形容时间浪费的严重程度）
"Other capacities are being retrained by machines and algorithms to work against us: for instance, smartphones and chatbots can train us to keep reaching for them even when we no longer enjoy using them, turning a conscious choice into an automatic habit and a colossal waste of time."
小幅上升、轻微增加（此处指从写作中获得的小小兴奋感）
"I used to do my writing by hand. And I could concentrate for hours at a time, getting little upticks of arousal from lifting my head from the page, letting the hold on my pen loosen, and gazing at the life beyond my window, the light softening on my skin and eyes like snowfall on warm tarmac."
去技能化，指因依赖技术或工具而导致人类自身技能逐渐退化的过程
"We have fallen into habits that are steadily deskilling the human body, eroding capacities honed by evolution to support our wellbeing as we move through the world."
（此处为比喻义）机械地重复、不加思考地复述（信息或模式）
"Algorithms that regurgitate patterns and recommendations can release us from the effort of exploration and disrupt the play and curiosity from which preferences are formed and understood."
异自创生的，指系统生产自身以外的事物的特性（与'autopoietic'相对）
"They are, in this sense, allopoietic: they make something other than themselves. Organisms are autopoietic: they work to maintain and remake themselves."
自创生的，指生命系统通过自身活动持续自我生产和维护的特性
"Organisms are autopoietic: they work to maintain and remake themselves."
内在性，指主体拥有的内在体验、自我意识和主观感受的品质
"The technologies with which we are increasingly interconnected lack the complex interiority required for real intelligence to arise."
渗透压感受器，指能感知体液渗透压变化的神经元
"Rather, the osmoreceptor neurons in the hypothalamus shrink slightly as water leaves them."
目的导向的，指生命体的行为指向某个目标或终点的特性
"Moment by moment, our bodies adapt to the environment and their current state in end-directed, physical transformations."
不受约束的——在此指特朗普的megalothymia完全没有受到制度、道德或法律的有效限制。
"Trump is a perfect example of unconstrained megalothymia."
轻描淡写地略过、回避——故意不去触及某个棘手的事实，使之看起来不存在或无关紧要。
"He speaks about an alliance between the United States and Europe based on shared values, gliding over a president who clearly admires Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping far more than those of other democratic countries."
把现实扭曲得面目全非——如同一团纽结的椒盐卷饼。这是一个美国口语化的比喻，形容为了某种目的而极端歪曲事实。
"Secretary Rubio's desire to stay on his boss' good side leads him to twist reality like a pretzel."
西西里远征——公元前415-413年雅典发动的对西西里岛叙拉古的军事远征，最终以雅典军队的毁灭性失败告终，成为伯罗奔尼撒战争的转折点。
"He would do well to remember that it was an excess of megalothymia that led Alcibiades and the Athenians into the disastrous Sicilian Expedition, which Thucydides explains was the beginning of their defeat in the Peloponnesian War."
Fukuyama自创术语：对'优越承认'的渴望——即希望被认可为比他人更伟大、更卓越。它既是人类成就的驱动力，也是暴政与犯罪的根源。
"Megalothymia, by contrast, is Janus-faced. It can be the source either of human progress, or of the greatest crimes and tyrannies human societies have had to endure."
难题、困境——指难以解决的复杂问题，尤其是一个每个解决方案都带来新问题的两难处境。在此指民主制度面对thymos的内在矛盾。
"Thymos thus presents a conundrum for democracies."
（在此语境中）通过疏导来释放、消耗——将过度的能量或压力逐步导出，使其不至于造成破坏。Fukuyama在此指资本主义经济可以将megalothymia的支配欲导向商业竞争。
"I was looking for positive outlets for megalothymia, and argued that a capitalist economy would bleed off the desire for dominance and channel it into business."
古希腊哲学中的核心概念，指人的'意气'或'激情'——即对承认、尊严与荣耀的渴望，包含愤怒、骄傲、勇气等情感驱动力。在柏拉图那里，它是灵魂三部分之一（理性、欲望、意气）。
"It sounds as if one of his speechwriters has been reading my books, because at the heart of his address he talks about thymos (he transliterates it as thumos) as the core value of Western civilization."
Fukuyama自创术语：对'平等承认'的渴望——即每个人作为人的尊严都应得到同等认可的需求。它是现代民主制度的心理基础。
"In The End of History and the Last Man, I created two neologisms, isothymia and megalothymia."
（在此语境中）被削弱的、被稀释的——指Rubio对thymos的理解被简化、弱化，失去了概念的复杂性和深度。
"But Rubio has a very attenuated understanding of it, and does not understand how it is a double-edged sword."
（在此语境中）琐碎的、微不足道的——指特朗普追求的那些不值得一个伟大领袖去争取的肤浅荣誉。
"He wants his face to be carved into Mount Rushmore as one of the greatest of American presidents, but also seeks pettier acclaim like the Nobel Peace Prize or his name on the Kennedy Center."
（在文章结构意义上）未明说的、隐含的——在此评注中用于指出Rubio虽未明言但暗含的立场。
"He speaks about an alliance between the United States and Europe based on shared values, gliding over a president who clearly admires Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping far more than those of other democratic countries."
（在此语境中）派系斗争——城邦内部不同政治集团之间的激烈对立与冲突。注意：不是'虚构'（fiction），而是'党派'（faction）的原意。
"The ancient Greek city-states were filled … with intense passion and rivalry and faction and conflict."
具有两面性的——既可能导向善也可能导向恶，如同罗马门神雅努斯（Janus）的两张面孔。在此指megalothymia的双重潜能。
"Megalothymia, by contrast, is Janus-faced. It can be the source either of human progress, or of the greatest crimes and tyrannies human societies have had to endure."
大脑皮层
"When we are thinking, more brain regions light up than just the specialized networks in the cerebral cortex that are associated with language."
有说服力地、令人信服地
"Recent research persuades me that human thought is not purely linguistic..."
范式、模式（某一领域的基本框架或思维方式）
"'The current paradigm won't solve this [efficiency] problem,' Jones said. 'You seem to have to jump to something very, very different.'"
等同于、相当于
"Perhaps our form of intelligence is tantamount to language modeling, too?"
恰当的、贴切的
"It might not be apt to say that an LLM 'knows' or 'understands' anything — not in the way that a human does — but that's just how we're accustomed to talking about the abilities they display."
可扩展的、可规模化的
"That meant the approach was scalable."
瓶颈、制约因素
"It was a bottleneck that limited how complex and sophisticated translations could be. The network architecture just wasn't right."
释放、 unleashed（被释放出来的、被解放的）
"Given the staggering power that's been unleashed, it's worth asking what this attention mechanism is exactly, why it is 'all you need,' and why machine translation was the task that unlocked it all."
破译、辨认（难以识别的事物）
"Bahdanau was working with artificial neural networks, which had already shown promise in pattern-recognition tasks such as deciphering handwriting and identifying objects in photos."
艰巨的、令人生畏的
"And translation was widely seen as a formidable and interesting problem for neural networks to try to solve."
充满、遍布（通常指负面事物）
"Languages have different grammatical structures and are riddled with idioms and connotations, all of which had long stymied attempts to automate the process."
最先进的、顶级的（技术或设备）
"The team's paper, 'Attention Is All You Need,' reported that transformers achieved state-of-the-art translation while requiring a fraction of the computation needed to train prior models."
惊人的、令人震惊的（程度或数量）
"Given the staggering power that's been unleashed, it's worth asking what this attention mechanism is exactly..."
剥离、去除（多余部分）
"Then, in 2017, a team at Google devised a new kind of neural network architecture called a transformer that supercharged the attention method and stripped away everything else."
AI完备的（指解决该问题等同于实现通用人工智能）
"Jones and others suspect that predicting the next word, which is known as language modeling, is 'AI-complete': a task so difficult that solving it means you have arguably solved AI in general."
等同于、相当于（常用于抽象或负面语境）
"Perhaps our form of intelligence is tantamount to language modeling, too?"
AI完备的（解决该问题等同于解决通用人工智能）
"Jones and others suspect that predicting the next word, which is known as language modeling, is 'AI-complete': a task so difficult that solving it means you have arguably solved AI in general."
事后看来、事后诸葛亮
"Regardless of what our own neural mechanisms might be, it makes sense to me in hindsight that solving translation unlocked AI."
阻碍、妨碍（使某事无法推进）
"Languages have different grammatical structures and are riddled with idioms and connotations, all of which had long stymied attempts to automate the process."
准规则、半规则（介于正式规则与无规则之间的模式）
"They can be trained on huge databases of paired English and French sentences to, eventually, absorb the quasi-rules, exceptions, and subtleties."
分水岭时刻、转折点（具有划时代意义的转折性事件）
"The paper, which has since been cited more than 250,000 times, was a watershed moment in AI."
极大增强的、被超级充能的
"Then, in 2017, a team at Google devised a new kind of neural network architecture called a transformer that supercharged the attention method and stripped away everything else."
使充满、使浸透（某种品质或意义）
"Later layers build on associations established by earlier layers, so that by the time the sentence emerges from the encoder, 'it' is imbued with something resembling meaning."
英雄的材料/英雄的本质——此处指普通人认为构成英雄品质的那些特质
"“In a country desperately in need of heroes and manifestations of deeds that transcend self-interest, the komiks offer themselves as possible sources of qualities that common people perceive as the stuff of heroes.”"
超越私利——此处指英雄行为超越个人利益，为集体福祉牺牲
"“In a country desperately in need of heroes and manifestations of deeds that transcend self-interest, the komiks offer themselves as possible sources of qualities that common people perceive as the stuff of heroes.”"