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多源说，人类多起源论。认为不同人种有各自独立的创世起源，而非共同祖先。在18世纪被视为异端，因为它否定了《圣经》中亚当夏娃为全人类共同祖先的说法。
"Hume's remark in the footnote that there are 'four or five' different 'species of men' and his conclusion that 'a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages, if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men' point towards polygenism – the belief in the multiple creation of different races."
随口一说的话，不重要的评论。此处指有人认为休谟的种族主义脚注只是无心之言。
"Yet the racist outburst in the footnote wasn't a throwaway remark."
单源说正统教义。monogenist 指认为全人类同出亚当夏娃的立场；orthodoxy 指教会正统教义。此处指多源说对基督教正统人类起源观的挑战。
"If, as polygenists suggested, humanity as a whole did not descend from Adam and Eve, this not only undermined monogenist orthodoxy but also made nonsense of a central tenet of the Christian scheme of fall and redemption, the biological transmission of original sin."
简化论的归并。reductive 指将复杂事物简化为单一要素；assimilation 指将某物同化、归并到另一范畴中。此处指斯宾诺莎将上帝归结为自然（deus sive natura）的做法。
"Although we may be familiar with Hobbes's materialism and Spinoza's reductive assimilation of God to nature, the argument of the third major heretic of the mid-17th century tends to be forgotten."
党派仇恨，党派敌意。此处指辉格党与托利党之间的激烈对立情绪。
"Hume was not the first writer to use the essay to encourage the tamping down of partisan animosities."
平淡无奇的，不会引起争议的，和缓的。此处指新名称 40 George Square 被批评为刻意回避争议、毫无政治锋芒的平庸之选。
"In a further twist, complaints emerged about the building's supposedly anodyne new name."
母校。此处指爱丁堡大学——休谟曾就读但未获教职，两百年后又重新将其纳入，最终又将其除名。
"Hume's alma mater, which had rejected his application for the chair of moral philosophy in 1744-45 before reclaiming him for the university two centuries later, cast him off once more by removing his name from the tower."
半隐蔽的，半掩饰的。此处指休谟的亲戚 Lord Kames 以一种不完全公开、半遮半掩的方式持有多种族起源论立场。
"Polygenesis was so subversive of core Christian doctrine and so interwoven with daring biblical criticism that even during the Enlightenment it remained a fringe position, held by Voltaire, Hume and, in a semi-camouflaged way, Hume's kinsman the judge Henry Home, better known as Lord Kames."
压制，平息。原指用工具将松软物质夯实、压紧，此处比喻压制党派敌意。
"Hume was not the first writer to use the essay to encourage the tamping down of partisan animosities."
用牛腿（托臂）结构支撑的角楼。corbel 指从墙面伸出的石制托架，corbelled 即以此方式建造的。此处指哲学家想象中的中世纪城堡那样的建筑特征。
"Picturing a fortified keep adorned with stepped gables and corbelled turrets, he was sorely disappointed on arrival to discover that the tower was a fourteen-storey Brutalist slab."
扭变、打乱（分类框架）。此处指多种族起源论同时包含激进反宗教与种族等级论，使自由派/进步派的惯常分类失效。
"It is hard today to evaluate a set of arguments which – scrambling our categories of the liberal and the progressive – combines radical disenchantment with Christianity and a belief in profound differentiation between races."
粗野主义风格的板式建筑。Brutalist 指20世纪中叶以裸露混凝土为特征的建筑流派（源自法语 béton brut，即“原始混凝土”）；slab 在此指扁平、厚重、缺乏装饰的高层板楼。
"Picturing a fortified keep adorned with stepped gables and corbelled turrets, he was sorely disappointed on arrival to discover that the tower was a fourteen-storey Brutalist slab."
庸俗低劣的，华而不实的。此处形容休谟脚注中那个种族主义笑话的品位低下、令人不齿。
"The footnote goes on to discuss the supposed absence of arts, manufactures and sciences among non-white peoples, before ending with a tawdry racist joke."
（党派）口令、暗语、教条。此处指辉格党与托利党的党派信条，已过时却仍被坚持。
"Hume endorsed Bolingbroke's argument that party shibboleths belonged to an era that had passed; they were 'zombie-opinions', as Womersley calls them, which remained 'at large' long after the passing of the late 17th-century conditions under which they had arisen."
善意的嘲弄，戏谑，调侃。此处指休谟对沃尔波尔的讽刺性评价。
"Yet Walpole himself did not escape Hume's raillery: echoing Tacitus' equivocal verdict on the brief reign of the Roman emperor Galba, Hume reckoned that Britain's first prime minister 'would have been esteem'd more worthy of his high station, had he never possest it'."
竭力，煞费苦心地。此处指休谟在文章中努力驳斥气候决定民族性格的假设。
"Hume is at pains in the essay to debunk the assumption that physical causes – 'qualities of the air and climate, which are supposed to work insensibly on the temper, by altering the tone and habit of the body' – shape national differences."
殉道；殉教；为信仰或事业而牺牲生命（在此语境中指恐怖分子对死亡的自我美化）
"Terror groups use graphic images of death as propaganda for fundraising and recruitment, celebrating their victims' murders or glorifying their members' supposed martyrdom."
（网络用语）故意挑衅或激怒他人，尤指在网上发表煽动性言论以引发愤怒反应
"Now, like immature College Republicans, senior officials like Hegseth are seeking to livestream military executions in a spirit of juvenile chest-thumping in order to "troll the libs.""
贴上去的毛茸茸的胸膛；比喻虚假的男子气概或伪装出来的强悍形象
"His warrior rhetoric is a stick-on hairy chest and his proposed public execution is more like an adolescent's effort to épater le bourgeois than a sober decision by a mature and sane defense secretary."
幼稚的；自以为是的；像大二学生一样不成熟却自命不凡的
"There's no moral equivalence between my source and Hasan, of course—but it's unbelievable to me that my country now sophomorically proposes to do just what al-Qaeda did."
真实杀人影片；记录真实谋杀或处决的影片（通常为牟利或满足变态欲望而制作）
"God forbid unhealthy men watch a "snuff film" such as that and discover that they like what they see."
捶胸顿足式的逞强；虚张声势的炫耀武力或男子气概
"Now, like immature College Republicans, senior officials like Hegseth are seeking to livestream military executions in a spirit of juvenile chest-thumping in order to "troll the libs.""
夸夸其谈；滔滔不绝地自吹自擂；以冗长而自负的方式说话或写作
"He resigned his officer's commission in 2021 and went on to bloviate on Fox & Friends as a faux combat stud."
粗俗的；愚钝的；缺乏敏感性和品位的
"To do so for the crass purpose of entertainment is even worse."
假的；仿造的；冒充的（常暗示以假充真、矫揉造作）
"He resigned his officer's commission in 2021 and went on to bloviate on Fox & Friends as a faux combat stud."
震惊资产阶级；刻意做出反传统或惊世骇俗的行为以激怒中产阶级
"His warrior rhetoric is a stick-on hairy chest and his proposed public execution is more like an adolescent's effort to épater le bourgeois than a sober decision by a mature and sane defense secretary."
因涉及死亡、暴力或血腥而令人极度恐惧和厌恶的；可怕的
"Since 9/11, U.S. intelligence personnel—from analysts and law enforcement agents to interrogators and case officers—have often endured a grisly task: studying execution videos filmed by al-Qaeda or the Islamic State to positively identify the executioners."
应受谴责的；极其恶劣的，值得严厉批评的
"And no one is more reprehensible than Nidal Hasan, the man who betrayed our country, our armed forces, and his medical profession by murdering 13 and wounding 32 at Fort Hood, Texas in 2009."
法医的；用于法律调查的；此处指通过技术手段对图像进行的司法鉴定分析
"Detained senior al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Muhammad, for example, was confirmed through forensic analysis of similar images as part of the group who murdered Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl in 2002."
埃米尔；伊斯兰教国家的军事统帅或地方长官，此处指基地组织在某一地区的指挥官
"I needed to determine if the deceased was al-Qaeda's emir for western al-Anbar, a terrorist who killed a young Marine lieutenant friend of mine."
夸夸其谈；自吹自擂地长篇大论（已在faux处收录，此处不再重复）
"He resigned his officer's commission in 2021 and went on to bloviate on Fox & Friends as a faux combat stud."
行刑队；执行枪决的一组射击手
"Hasan deserves the death penalty—if asked, I myself would join the firing squad."
令人困惑的，难以理解的
"Where they are left increasingly unpopular is in the nagging case of DF2, DF4 and DF9, three baffling galaxies that appear to contain almost no dark matter at all."
分开地，四散地；被撕裂地
"This destruction derby, which was recently observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, has a messy distribution of mass that only makes sense if dark matter and ordinary matter got torn asunder during the collision."
乌合之众，杂乱的人群；（在此语境中）指大量星系的混乱聚集
"This outsize rabble then stripped the triplet of all their dark matter during their ill-fated voyage."
命运多舛的，注定不幸的
"This outsize rabble then stripped the triplet of all their dark matter during their ill-fated voyage."
尽管，虽然（引导让步状语从句，带有正式色彩）
"An ancient collision "is a plausible origin story, albeit an exceptional one.""
纠缠不休的，难以摆脱的；（在此语境中）持续的、令人不安的疑虑或问题
"Where they are left increasingly unpopular is in the nagging case of DF2, DF4 and DF9, three baffling galaxies that appear to contain almost no dark matter at all."
幽灵，鬼魂；（在此语境中）比喻暗物质像幽灵一样穿透普通物质而不发生相互作用
"But the dark matter passed right through and continued on, like a specter passing through a wall."
丧失的，被剥夺的；（在此语境中）完全缺乏暗物质的
"The cosmic pileup left behind three new galaxies, each bereft of dark matter, each left to struggle to form a new batch of stars."
认为，发表意见（常带有'自以为是的'或'正式地表达观点'的意味）
"Some have even opined that it could be primordial black holes as small as individual atoms and as old as the universe itself."
弥散的，稀疏分布的；（在此语境中）形容星系物质分布松散、不密集
"But these three diffuse galaxies, known as DF2, DF4, and DF9, have left astronomers stunned."
微薄的量，极少的一点；原指教堂给予的微薄施舍
"Instead, a pittance of ordinary matter alone must have forged their small selection of stars."
轻薄如蛛丝的，纤细的，虚幻的；（在此语境中）形容星系结构稀疏、脆弱、如梦似幻
"That all three gossamer galaxies existed along a line, as neighbors, didn't escape the attention of astrophysicists, who began to coalesce around an origin story."
充满恒星的，繁星密布的
"It draws ordinary, visible matter toward it, allowing stars to form and keeping the stelliferous limbs of galaxies from flying off."
苍白的，暗淡无光的；（在此语境中）形容星系因缺乏恒星而呈现出的微弱、惨淡的光泽
"They aren't whirlpools bursting with light, but pallid objects dimly illuminated by a smattering of stars."
少量，零星的一点；（在此语境中）散布的稀疏星光
"They aren't whirlpools bursting with light, but pallid objects dimly illuminated by a smattering of stars."
融合，合并，凝聚；（在此语境中）科学家逐渐形成共识
"That all three gossamer galaxies existed along a line, as neighbors, didn't escape the attention of astrophysicists, who began to coalesce around an origin story."
腹语者；口技表演者——此处隐喻那些表面上'传达未来'实则是在替权力结构'发声'的人
"Prophets have always been the true governors of empires, first counsels to kings, final ventriloquists of the future."
重建，重新构成——此处指记忆在每次讲述中被重新组装而非简单回放
"our future is not the computational sum of our past and our destiny not a deterministic equation but an ongoing process constantly creating itself, the way a memory reconstitutes itself with each retelling"