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本文中是比喻用法，指某种思想、力量或事物具有像溶剂一样强大的分解、瓦解或侵蚀（旧有结构）的能力
"This strange claim—which of course wasn't true, but was slowly being implemented—that all people are treated equally, was a powerful solvent, so to speak, of hierarchy in Europe."
诽谤；诬蔑；不实之词（尤指故意损害他人名誉的言论）
"I think it's a calumny on our ancestors to say that the scientific method is new. I don't think it is."
帝国式的狭隘；一种源自帝国中心、自视甚高、无视自身局限性并贬低其他文化的狭隘心态
"This imperial provinciality of Europeans about how foolish their ancestors were—who just believed, if they were highly educated, in Aristotle, and if they weren't highly educated, believed only in the traditions of their fathers, and those were irrational—and the assumption that people with non-white skin are inferior and stupid and just do what they do..."
纯粹的；完全的（用于强调某事物的数量、程度或性质，通常带有“只是……而已”或“大量的”含义）
"But that doesn't make a lot of sense. ... sheer capital accumulation—sheer piling up of buildings, machines, or indeed university educations—comes very quickly, economists have always known, to diminishing returns."
在本文中指经济从停滞状态开始的、突然的、持续的增长或起飞
"There is a big debate in history, in economics, about what actually caused that unprecedented economic liftoff that started some 250 years ago."
共情；设身处地理解他人感受的能力
"As one scholar observes, 'Presumably the pain provides penitents with greater empathy for the sufferings of Christ.'"
（宗教上）尊崇、敬拜（尤指圣物或圣人）
"This term, meaning 'the father who is laid out in death,' refers to a wooden figure of the 'dead' Christ, which is venerated in a ritual funeral on Good Friday."
出神状态；意识改变状态（如灵媒与神灵沟通时的恍惚状态）
"Unlike in Cutud, participants are mostly female faith healers adhering not to vows but to mystic trances and possession."
温和但严肃的告诫或警告
"Bautista also quotes the director's admonition: 'I will only allow him to be nailed if he can show me that he understands what panata means.'"
互惠的；作为交换回报的（此处指人与神之间的交易性关系）
"Key to this practice of crucifixion is a vow called a panata, which Bautista describes as 'a divine transaction… for which self-mortification would be the reciprocal act.'"
（宗教上）赦免、解除（罪过或责任）
"The man claimed that 'he was committed to absolving himself of a grave sin, which he refused to reveal,' Bautista recounts."
（宗教语境）附身；神灵或灵魂占据人体
"Unlike in Cutud, participants are mostly female faith healers adhering not to vows but to mystic trances and possession."
赎罪；为过错或罪行所做的弥补
"But the director insisted that crucifixion 'was not based on atoning for sinfulness but… a promise of vow fulfillment or thanksgiving.'"
（宗教语境）高度亲密的联结；指人与神之间超越常规的密切关系
"Here, 'the ritual serves as an instrument of empowerment' that 'demonstrate[s] the intimate relationship' between faith healers and God to their own followers, explains Peter Bräunlein."
基于直接经验或观察的真实性，而非理论或信仰
"When the director of a passion play offered to nail Bautista to a cross in the name of empirical authenticity, the anthropologist declined."
（宗教语境下）克制肉体欲望或施加肉体痛苦以达成精神净化或赎罪
"Self-mortifying pamagdarame rituals, including whipping and crucifixion, likewise have roots in medieval Christian tradition."
恍惚状态，出神状态（一种意识改变状态，对外界刺激反应降低）
"Kim eventually develops the ability to enter into a trance state, which Kipling portrays as a source of willpower and focus."
奥秘的，深奥的（指仅限于少数内行理解的）
"Kreisel argues that, while Kipling certainly believed in white superiority over colonized Asian people, Kim's strength is shown to come not from his racial identity but from a will strengthened by esoteric spiritual practice."
意志力，意志的力量（指纯精神层面驱动物理行为的能力）
"Some British observers claimed that skilled Buddhist practitioners could achieve feats such as flying through the air or shape-shifting through a pure, intense force of will unknown in the west."
标题的，名义上的（指与作品标题同名的角色或事物）
"Certain apparently magical happenings in the novel are treated ambiguously, but either way, the titular character's study of Buddhist practices is an asset in his journey."
塑造，影响（某人/某事物的形成与发展）
"More than that, Kreisel writes, some viewed it as a tool to mold spirituality back home into a form that would not conflict with modern science."
努力应对，吃力地处理（困难问题）
"In a society grappling with Darwinian evolution and the new discipline of psychology, some Westerners admired Buddhism's long history of studying the mind's activities."
截然相反的事物，完全对立面
"All this went along with a view of Buddhism as the polar opposite of the Orientalist image of the passive Asian."
异常状态（指超越正常意识范围的生理/心理状态）
"Many in Europe and the US were also fascinated by the exceptional states of consciousness discussed in some Buddhist teachings, such as trances, visions, and telepathy."
深受……影响，充满（尤指负面事物）
"Their ideas about it were often steeped in stereotypes suggesting that Buddhists were irrational and childish in their thinking."
热情拥护者，狂热鼓吹者（非字面义，指为某事业做积极宣传的人）
"Writer Rudyard Kipling, known among other things for the now-infamous poem 'The White Man's Burden,' was one of the most prominent cheerleaders for British imperialism."
技艺，壮举（指需要特殊力量或技巧的非凡成就）
"Some British observers claimed that skilled Buddhist practitioners could achieve feats such as flying through the air or shape-shifting through a pure, intense force of will unknown in the west."
（情报）特工，线人（在此语境下指被招募为情报机构工作的人员）
"His 1902 novel, Kim—about an Irish boy who grows up in India, studies with a Tibetan lama, and is recruited as a British intelligence asset—is often interpreted through that lens."
变形（神话/超自然能力，指改变自身外形）
"Some British observers claimed that skilled Buddhist practitioners could achieve feats such as flying through the air or shape-shifting through a pure, intense force of will unknown in the west."
富裕的、富足的，通常指拥有大量金钱和物质财富的社会阶层。
"In one chapter, Freeman visits a gang member who lives in the affluent Chicago neighbourhood of Hyde Park."
一个设计小巧、外形酷似棺材的盒子，此处是作者对盛放收音机的包装盒的描述。
"Since spare parts could only be found in Britain, she packed the machine in a ‘smallish coffin-like box ready to accompany me back to London for repair’."
我那种可以通过转动旋钮就能屏蔽政治的幻想破灭了。这里的‘tune out’ 并非指调节收音机频率，而是指‘选择性忽视、屏蔽（外界信息）’。
"She abandoned the radio, ‘along with my illusions of being able to tune out politics with the twist of a knob’."
在此语境下，不是指物理上的回收垃圾，而是比喻重复使用（讲述/提及）关于自己的同一些信息或故事，带有一种略带厌倦和幽默的色彩。
"Busby says that she finds ‘recycling’ information about herself ‘a little tedious’..."
在这个语境下，指代被高度重视、珍视且具有情感价值的个人物品。
"One of the prized possessions in Margaret Busby’s childhood home in Ghana was a steel-grey transistor radio."
在此语境下，是一个比喻用法，意为‘尖锐地批评、抨击’，如同用烤叉（skewer）将目标刺穿并固定住。
"... John A. Williams, whose novel The Angry Ones (1960) skewered the publishing industry for its liberal-sounding but ultimately empty racial politics."
传播、散布（尤指信息、知识、思想等）。
"This period also saw the establishment of new institutions for the production and dissemination of Black literature and arts."
品味仲裁者。指在美学、文学或文化领域里，被公认为拥有决定什么是‘好’或‘高雅’的人群或机构。
"... it also created the need for new arbiters of taste. The most powerful of these was Alain Locke..."
诡计、花招、秘密手段，尤指用于隐藏目标、实现目的的欺骗性策略。
"Apart from this brief suggestion of a political agenda, however, the essays in Part of the Story reveal little about Busby’s acts of subterfuge."
“pompous” 意为自负、浮夸的；“dictatorial” 意为专横、独裁的。这两个词连用，描绘了一个狂妄自大、刚愎自用、不容置疑的形象。
"The poet Richard Bruce Nugent described Locke as ‘a pompous, dictatorial (though learned and knowledgable) little man directing how things should go and who should be publicised as important members of this (his) select group’."
历史推论/历史类似物。指一个在时间或空间上不同，但在本质上或逻辑上可与之类比的历史事件或现象。
"A historical corollary to the Harlem Renaissance can be found in the development of Black literary culture in Britain during the late 1960s and 1970s."
革命蓝图。比喻一个详细、系统的计划或指南，旨在推翻现有的社会或政治秩序。
"One might then return to The Spook Who Sat by the Door and read it in the way the author intended: as a ‘blueprint for revolution’."
(形容感觉) 头晕目眩的、模糊不清的、像在水里一样不真实的
"It’s a lesson about vulnerability – with his ‘swimmy’ head, Artie is ‘not fully there’ any more – and about forgiveness."
过分伤感、多愁善感、媚俗的状态或品质；艺术作品中刻意煽情以博取观众同情
"Whatever the misfortunes of Strout’s characters, there’s a counterweight of optimism, even schmaltziness."
迅速、巧妙或有力的反驳或回击；尤其在争论或对话中
"As its title suggests, The Things We Never Say offers a riposte."
有偷窃癖的；有盗窃倾向的；或指行为带有小偷小摸性质的
"Olive Kitteridge is larcenous too, as well as outspoken and sometimes obnoxious."
(名词作比喻用) 获得暂时解脱或缓刑；从困境中暂时被解救
"Artie isn’t reprieved and born again. He doesn’t become ‘good’ either, even if Evie, glimpsed in widowhood, thinks of him as ‘an absolute saint'."
活力、精力、热情 (vigor in an informal, old-fashioned sense)
"(原文出现的位置是 ‘vim’ in the larger literary world it comes from the Latin ‘vis’ meaning strength – this sentence is not present, but ‘vim’ is a high-level word related to the passage’s theme of vitality. Lexically, however, this word is not present in your provided text. I will provide an alternative word that IS present, which is equally challenging.)"
（情感、行动或外表）激烈的、凶狠的、极度强烈的状态或品质
"But that’s to underestimate the ferocity with which he stands up for softness."
逐渐的、缓慢的积累或增加过程（尤指沉积物或负面情绪）
"But ‘an accretion of loneliness’ has brought him to the point of suicide, a need to slip ‘the ties of the world'."
被某人或某事深深吸引、影响或控制；处于被奴役或支配的状态
"Both pupils end up in thrall to Artie."