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言辞简练甚至吝于言表的；简短而意味深长的
"His early and laconic pronouncements about what he was up to would hold good for most of what followed."
视觉欺骗画；以逼真透视诱使观者误认平面的画法
"...a kind of comestible mimicry or 'licked trickery', as Michael Baxandall described trompe l'oeil, with the signal difference that here no effort is being made to conceal the medium..."
推轨变焦（镜头移动+反向变焦，制造背景逼近而主体静止的眩晕效果）
"Thiebaud learned from cinema, especially the dolly-zoom shot (whose earliest use was in Hitchcock's Vertigo, a San Francisco story)..."
共谋、（此处）两种力量的暗中合流
"Above all, both painters needed the collusion and collision of natural and artificial..."
（对同一对象）矛盾并存的、爱恨交织的
"His paintings are ambivalent about Pop, but they are also forms of Pop ambivalence."
农事诗的；（喻）颂扬劳作与农耕秩序的
"He paints a georgic world rather than a version of pastoral, and sidesteps the sophistries that might be expected of such a late meditation on nature and nurture."
西西弗斯式的；徒劳无尽、周而复始的
"Fresh river water pushes back Pacific seawater in an everyday Sisyphean drama."
并置、并列；此处指停尸房与梦境两种意象的并置产生出无穷的故事
"The juxtaposition of the morgue and the dream suggests more stories than we can count."
霉、霉菌；此处形容娜娜脸上枯萎凹陷的脓疱像“泥土上的霉斑”
"And withered and sunken, they looked grey and muddy, already like earth mould on this shapeless pulp."
化脓、脓液；此处指天花使娜娜左眼被“翻涌的脓液”完全吞没
"One eye, the left, had been completely swallowed by the seething purulence."
病态地、阴森地；此处指左拉对娜娜死亡房间的描写是“病态现实主义的”，既写实又带有死亡迷恋
"The triplet is first heard in the middle of the chapter, repeats eight times and outlives everything else in the novel, echoing insistently after a morbidly realist evocation of the room in the Grand Hôtel where Nana dies."
藏骸所、停尸房；此处形容娜娜死后房间如同一堆腐肉白骨的堆放处
"The place was a charnel house, and in it a heap of pus and blood, a shovelful of rotten flesh, dumped there on the pillow."
夭折的、失败的；此处指1848年后试图复兴1789年革命理想的种种未遂尝试
"But then he adds that ‘those upheavals, representative of abortive attempts to resurrect the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789, leave their marks not only on his fiction but on his thinking about the whole of a post-1848 period, coinciding with his adult life.’"
有远见的、幻视的；此处转引波德莱尔称巴尔扎克“是幻想家而非观察家”，褒扬其想象性视觉
"‘I have often been astonished that the great triumph of Balzac was to be known as an observer; it has always seemed to me that his principal merit was to be a visionary and a passionate visionary at that … All his fictions are as profoundly coloured as dreams.’"
取代、排挤；此处指周围的场景或幻觉“取代”了现实的基础
"As Rachel Bowlby writes in Émile Zola: Writing Modern Life, ‘it is impossible to separate a ground of reality from the scenes or illusions that surround or supplant it.’"
共犯、帮凶；此处以隐喻指语言在“现实本身即奇幻”这一观点中是奇妙的同谋者
"Crudely evoked, the movement is based on the notion that reality itself is often fantastic; that language is a wonderful accomplice in this view; that ordinary talking life is full of tropes, exaggerations and indirection."
（法语）天花；左拉选用此较温和的说法而非 grande vérole（梅毒），暗示死于“较小”却也致命的病
"She has what is described as smallpox (la petite vérole rather than the more probable grande vérole, which is syphilis) and many members of the crowds waiting on the Paris streets for news of her demise are staying there because they don’t want to go too near the dying star."
修辞格、比喻；此处指日常口语中充满的各种修辞手法与转义表达
"Crudely evoked, the movement is based on the notion that reality itself is often fantastic; that language is a wonderful accomplice in this view; that ordinary talking life is full of tropes, exaggerations and indirection."
迂回、间接；此处指日常语言中大量以间接方式达意的现象（暗示、转喻、含蓄）
"Crudely evoked, the movement is based on the notion that reality itself is often fantastic; that language is a wonderful accomplice in this view; that ordinary talking life is full of tropes, exaggerations and indirection."
多愁善感的、感伤得令人作呕的；此处指1848年共和国因过度滥情的人道主义而失败
"All of its attempts failed, because … it was consumed by mawkish humanitarianism, by a purely speculative kind of socialism, by romantic rhetoric and the religiosity of deist poets."
（戏剧、小说或复杂事件的）结局、收场；此处指拿破仑家族统治的终结作为其小说虚构世界的必然收束
"In 1871 he wrote of ‘the fall of the Bonapartes’ as providing the ‘terrible and necessary dénouement’ of his fictional work, which ‘becomes a picture of a departed reign, of a strange epoch of human madness and shame’."
自然神论者；相信上帝创造世界后不再干预自然法则的理性主义信徒，此处指左拉笔下那些以理性宗教情感代替信仰的诗人
"All of its attempts failed, because … it was consumed by mawkish humanitarianism, by a purely speculative kind of socialism, by romantic rhetoric and the religiosity of deist poets."
充满、涌现的；此处指《卢贡-马卡尔家族》中充斥着数百个虚构人物与历史人物
"‘The Rougon-Macquart, teeming with hundreds of both fictional characters and historical figures, does bear comparison with La Comédie humaine.’"
教条主义的、空谈理论而不顾实际的；此处指左拉在批评理想主义小说时比之前更为教条
"Elsewhere he specifies further faults of idealist fiction and is a little more doctrinaire."
重新评估、重新评价；此处指根据新发现的生平与作品材料对左拉成就的重新审视
"Lethbridge is offering us ‘a reappraisal of Zola’s achievements in the light of what we now know about his life and work’."
伪造、歪曲；此处指理想主义在认识论上对现实的有意篡改与美化
"First, idealism is an act of falsification and embellishment which promotes imagination over observation, passion over precision."
装饰、润色；此处指理想主义对现实进行美化性添加，使叙述更具吸引力但偏离真相
"First, idealism is an act of falsification and embellishment which promotes imagination over observation, passion over precision."
不合逻辑的推论、前后不连贯的话；此处指左拉论述中突然从“想象力的衰退”跳到“现代小说的特征”的逻辑跳跃
"In a non sequitur of the kind he enjoys, Zola goes on to say that the decline (déchéance) of the imagination is ‘the chief characteristic of the modern novel’."
（法语）衰落、堕落、失势；此处指想象力的衰退被视为现代小说的首要特征
"In a non sequitur of the kind he enjoys, Zola goes on to say that the decline (déchéance) of the imagination is ‘the chief characteristic of the modern novel’."
反模仿的；此处指理想主义美学拒绝复制现实，转而表现理念或想象
"The lie may be beautiful, but the anti-mimetic, even escapist, charm of the idealist aesthetic poses a threat to the impressionable (read: female) reader."
（法语）碎片、破布；此处左拉用以指自然主义小说只给读者“一小片人生”，带有“残片”意味
"‘To make real people move in a real context, to give the reader a scrap [un lambeau] of human life, the whole purpose of the naturalist novel is there.’"
名义上的、概念中的；此处指左拉计划中“十部”小说这一设想上的数字，实际写成了二十部
"Lethbridge follows these campaigns closely, devoting two out of six chapters to the planning and writing of a cycle of novels, a notional ten that turned into twenty and took up ‘more than half of Zola’s adult life’."
指称对象；符号学与文学理论术语，指语言符号所指向的现实世界事物，此处指理想主义使文本与所指现实脱节
"Third, idealism promotes a delusional disconnection from the referent that is, in the end, ethically irresponsible."
逃避现实的；此处指理想主义美学以美为名使人逃离现实责任
"The lie may be beautiful, but the anti-mimetic, even escapist, charm of the idealist aesthetic poses a threat to the impressionable (read: female) reader."
告诫、警告；此处指自然主义文学虽屡受（反理想主义的）告诫，却仍不断回归抒情性
"White shows clearly that Zola is an idealist, of sorts. ‘For all its admonishments, naturalist literature returned insistently, I argue, to the terms of the lyrical.’"
（法语）准确的耳朵；左拉用以形容自然主义作家应具备的、能准确接收现实的听觉能力
"‘You will say we need delicate ears. We need accurate ears, no more than that.’ Zola writes ‘oreilles justes’, which doesn’t make any sense in literal English, but isn’t all that ordinary in French either."
内脏；此处比喻社会的内部结构、最私密的运作机制，左拉揭示了“我们社会尚在跳动的内脏”
"Balzac had ‘the most developed sense of the real that we have yet seen’, and among other things he showed us ‘the still living innards of our society’."
抒情的、富有诗意情感的；此处指自然主义文学在理论禁令下仍不断回归的抒情性表达
"‘For all its admonishments, naturalist literature returned insistently, I argue, to the terms of the lyrical.’"
被彻底击溃、溃败（军事语境中特指败退逃散）
"By 23 August, when they were routed by a militia made up of several dozen of the three thousand white men who had turned out to suppress the revolt…"
（大批人）出动、聚集前来（参与某项行动）
"…by a militia made up of several dozen of the three thousand white men who had turned out to suppress the revolt…"
被肢解、被分割肢体
"(In fact, Turner was hanged before being dismembered.)"
地形、地带；（喻）领域、战场（此处'在...的地形上进行'兼有实义与隐喻）
"Turner's spiritual warfare was conducted on the terrain of Southampton County…"
误认、错误识别（此处特指'把宗教动机误读为其他东西'）
"They are surely right to set aside readings that treat religious inspiration as a simple misrecognition of deeper social functions and motives…"
击打、击杀（《圣经》用语，为 smite 的过去式）
"…in which the prophet repeatedly 'smote' his enemies, 'both man and woman, young and old, and ox and sheep and ass, with the edge of the sword'."
非正统的、不合常规的（此处指方法学界罕见但有效）
"Unorthodox though this may be, it enables Kaye and Downs to give a sense of the way the world might have looked to a devout visionary who felt the immediate presence of God."
千禧年主义——相信基督将再临、在地上建立千年公义王国的神学信念
"…and to distinguish Turner's Christian millenarianism from the wish for the 'freedom' of the liberal individual subject that historians have so often identified in the aspirations and actions of the enslaved."
召唤、变出（此处指'营造出、使浮现'某种氛围或紧迫感）
"Nat Turner, Black Prophet succeeds in conjuring the terrifying urgency of spiritual signs and portents."
凶兆、预兆（尤指预示重大（常为不祥）事件的天象或异象）
"Nat Turner, Black Prophet succeeds in conjuring the terrifying urgency of spiritual signs and portents."
困境、两难（尤指难以抉择的道德或智识难题）
"The fact that any attempt to understand Turner's inner life must rely on an account produced by Gray and used in court to condemn Turner to death poses an intellectual and moral quandary."
在他自己那阴暗、迷乱、过度亢奋的心灵深处反复盘算
"…Gray wrote that Turner was 'a gloomy fanatic … revolving in the recesses of his own dark, bewildered and overwrought mind, schemes of indiscriminate massacre to the whites'."