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（作为附属公司或独立实体）从（大学或大公司）中分离出来，以利用某项技术或想法创业
"A few years later, A123 Systems, a start-up spun out of MIT, commercialized it, building what was then the largest lithium-ion battery factory in North America with the help of a $249 million Department of Energy grant."
（公共投资）吸引、带动（私人资本）进入同一领域进行投资
"$400 million in government risk absorption catalyzed over $2 billion in private capital, a five-to-one multiplier."
（作动词）使（长期投资、关系等）固定下来，成为……的基石或支柱
"signaling permanent commitment to anchor long-term private co-investment."
过多、泛滥、充裕。通常指超出需要的数量。
"Unlike Castle, Kobza is less interested in literary representations of the masquerade than in its material traces: costume bills, tickets, advertisements and trade manifests for a plethora of masquerade-adjacent businesses."
一组成语搭配：前者指“挥霍无度、铺张浪费”，后者指“阴谋勾当、神秘诡计”。合起来概括了化装舞会世界浮华外表下的权谋与算计。
"The social world of ‘extravagance and intrigue’ that Meghan Kobza explores in her new book has already been richly chronicled by Terry Castle in Masquerade and Civilisation (1986)."
（在文学语境中）尖锐地讽刺、严厉批评，如同用烤肉叉（skewer）刺穿一样精准和致命。
"What could be more enjoyable for the precocious daughter of a Hampshire clergyman, with her nose pressed against the glass of grown-up metropolitan life, than to skewer such a scene, making fools of its participants and spectators alike?"
（儿童）早熟的，在某方面发展过早的。
"What could be more enjoyable for the precocious daughter of a Hampshire clergyman, with her nose pressed against the glass of grown-up metropolitan life, than to skewer such a scene, making fools of its participants and spectators alike?"
偶然发现、想到或注意到（一个想法、一个可能性）。字面意思是“（鸟等）飞落在……上”，此处比喻为被某个想法或可能性所吸引并“落脚”。
"But it isn’t surprising that Austen as an adolescent, at the tail end of the rackety 18th century, should have alighted on the comic possibilities of an entertainment in which disguise and misrule are the order of the evening."
喧闹的、混乱的、放纵的，带有“堕落”或“道德松弛”的意味。
"But it isn’t surprising that Austen as an adolescent, at the tail end of the rackety 18th century, should have alighted on the comic possibilities of an entertainment in which disguise and misrule are the order of the evening."
公开嘲弄、讽刺或抨击，使其成为笑柄。来源于历史上的“颈手枷”（pillory），是一种公开惩罚的刑具。
"It also reveals a teenage Austen pillorying for the enjoyment of her brothers and sisters the world as it appeared in novels and in the society columns of newspapers."
一种强有力的、具有显著影响力的展示或体现。在此上下文中，指化装舞会成为“成人荒谬言行”最突出、最生动的体现场合。
"The story is a gleeful demolition of adult nonsense, on most prominent display at a masquerade:"
此处指对成年人的荒谬言行进行欢快、毫不留情的解构和嘲讽，有种“兴高采烈地拆台/摧毁”的意味。
"The story is a gleeful demolition of adult nonsense, on most prominent display at a masquerade:"
值得在21世纪被重新讲述/重述。
"The story she relates is as strange as some of the outfits worn by the revellers, and merits its 21st-century retelling."
被极其详尽地、丰富地记载或记述。
"The social world of ‘extravagance and intrigue’ that Meghan Kobza explores in her new book has already been richly chronicled by Terry Castle in Masquerade and Civilisation (1986)."
总结，概括；累积，总和；在此语境中指艺术的巅峰之作或集大成之作
"The golden Elkes are the summation of Baselitz’s life as a painter, and he said as much."
顽固地；执拗地；冷酷地
"The golden Elkes confirm that Baselitz devoted himself to showing the body – obdurately, directly, entertainingly – being reshaped by the catastrophe of ageing."
（因虚弱、故障或受阻而）发出噗噗声；断断续续地说话或表现；此处形容画作线条的断续、迟疑和不连贯
"It looks like the self-portrait Hokusai drew in old age... The body, like the line that draws it, is thinned, spluttering, vulnerable."
经常随身携带的参考书；手册；必备指南
"It was a book especially hated by the Nazis, and a vade-mecum for those who wanted to know what un-German, degenerate art looked like."
极其费力伤身的，累断腰的
"In fact, there was stiff competition for these back-breaking jobs"
虚空，完全的空无
"These absences tell us something about the extremity of the circumstances that produced them: a gap in memory, a void of artifacts, a road leading nowhere and slowly swallowed by the grass."
赤裸裸的、残酷的提醒
"It was, as Professor Eileen Murphy put it, “a stark reminder that these people had nothing.”"
混乱不守规矩的一群人（蔑称）
"the people working on it were “a most disorderly lot, by all accounts.”"
严厉的惩罚，致命的报复
"a crew of his buddies broke into the overseer’s house and left a note threatening grave retribution if his job was not restored."
激烈的竞争，严酷的争夺
"In fact, there was stiff competition for these back-breaking jobs"
使（有限资源）勉强够用，节省使用
"the pittance they received—which was barely enough to buy a few turnips—had to somehow stretch to support a whole family."
微薄的工资或津贴，少得可怜的钱
"the pittance they received—which was barely enough to buy a few turnips—had to somehow stretch to support a whole family."
对实际地形的勘测测量
"Typically, the roads were planned out by simply drawing a line on a map between one point and another, with little to no surveying of the actual terrain."
快速冲过（某处）而不停留
"in her childhood, anyone who had to go near the road at night would sprint past it for fear of ghosts."
为提供就业而非实际需要创造的工作（贬义）
"Conolly’s Folly is an early example of make-work infrastructure."
勉强维持生存，仅够活命
"It was built by the starving as an alternative to simple charity—a way to earn a little money and keep body and soul together."
无实际价值的，轻浮的，缺乏严肃目的的
"Follies are, by definition, frivolous."
大张着的拱形开口，令人不安的空洞
"In the middle of a green Irish field stands a bizarre structure: not so much a building as a collection of holes, a series of gaping arches framing the sky."
（某种事业的）狂热鼓吹者；福音传道者
"Zubrin, arguably the world’s most prolific Mars evangelist, appeared on my laptop screen, sitting behind the desk at his office in Boulder, Colorado."
开创；引领（新时代、新纪元）
"But many of their fellow travelers covet bigger dreams: to establish a permanent human presence on Mars, and in so doing, usher in our interplanetary future."
加重；使（糟糕的情况）更糟
"I didn’t have the heart to compound their disappointment by revealing my own misgivings."
垂涎；渴望拥有（尤指他人之物）
"But many of their fellow travelers covet bigger dreams: to establish a permanent human presence on Mars, and in so doing, usher in our interplanetary future."
执念；异常或过度的依恋/关注
"For Stone, a 71-year-old “space presenter” and BIS fellow, Mars has always been a fixation."
此刻正在忙于做某事
"Inside its doors one morning in February, I found it occupied by Colin, John and Alistair, who were presently engaged in redecorating the lecture theatre."
（观点、计划等的）彻底转变，大转向
"But now the space community was reeling from an unforeseen volte-face."
充满（危险、困难、不确定性等）
"Establishing a human colony on Mars is fraught with risk."
圣地，密室；尤指被视为神圣或私密的场所
"One friend, after learning I was going to visit, told me he’d always suspected it was the sanctum of “space wizards.”"
不忍心；没有勇气做（某事，因为会伤害他人）
"I didn’t have the heart to compound their disappointment by revealing my own misgivings."
极其昂贵的，天价的
"It was their military and political allies who made possible the colossally expensive instrumentation that transformed atomic physics into the biggest bit of Big Science."
一大桶钞票；形容非常多的金钱
"‘We ran it,’ he bragged, ‘with a big barrel of greenbacks.’"
（描写物质或抽象事物）大量的，奔流般的
"As his protégé, Alvarez followed suit; torrents of government money were directed to the Berkeley lab."
门徒，受有权力或经验者提携保护的人
"As his protégé, Alvarez followed suit; torrents of government money were directed to the Berkeley lab."
(过度的) 忧虑，焦虑，束手无策的悲观表现
"Alvarez was far from alone in thinking that, but on his return to Los Alamos, he was irritated by the handwringing of colleagues: ‘Many of my friends felt responsible for killing Japanese civilians, and it upset them terribly. I could muster very little sympathy for their point of view.’"
（描述爆炸、情感、风格等）强烈的，有力的，真正的，不折不扣的
"If the firing times varied even by as little as a few nanoseconds, the result would be a ‘fizzle’ rather than a full-blooded blast."
不管部部长；无具体职责但有自由裁量权的要员
"The Rad Lab made him a kind of minister without portfolio, tasked with doing pretty much whatever he thought was needed."