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拟人法（修辞格：将无生命/非人类事物人格化并使其发言）
"The kind of prosopopoeia she attempts is difficult to sustain, however; Helm's voice becomes wearing and often cracks."
谨慎的、周到的（考虑到各种可能后果的审慎）
"'It could be the eternal project of mankind,' she declares to a circumspect courtroom, 'to learn what forests have figured out.'"
说教（通常指长篇的道德劝诫，常带贬义）
"When she's later called on as an expert witness in a hearing about logging on federal land, her research spills out in a homily on the 'tied-together' lives of humans and nature."
树木学家（研究树木的植物学家）
"Patricia Westerford, a dendrologist, discovers that they share 'a common ancestor' with humans and can signal to other trees in 'elaborate vocabularies'."
多声部的（此处指：包含多个独立叙事声音的文学特征）
"Helm has a predecessor in Richard Powers's The Overstory (2018), another polyphonic work of ecofiction that spans generations and distorts chronologies."
附带的、非核心的（在叙事中次要或偶然的）
"Occasionally the episodes have the elliptical promise of Hall's short stories, but more often they seem incidental."
（文学风格）省略的、隐晦的（有意省略信息，制造模糊或深度）
"Occasionally the episodes have the elliptical promise of Hall's short stories, but more often they seem incidental."
（文学中的）小品文、片段（短小但自成一体的描述）
"...others (like a vignette about an adventurous couple in a hot air balloon) stand alone."
冷淡的、不友善的（以保持距离为特征的态度）
"...her standoffish cousin, whose alcoholic husband dies in mysterious circumstances."
纯洁的、贞洁的（此处指‘无性意味的、柏拉图式的’）
"His wife is ill, and in her absence he develops a chaste crush on her standoffish cousin, whose alcoholic husband dies in mysterious circumstances."
倒霉的、不幸的（带有怜悯或嘲弄意味）
"Even Thomas Bodger, a hapless 19th-century scientist who has promised the newly chartered Royal Meteorological Society 'an answer to Helm's mysteries', has hidden depths."
颠覆性的（试图破坏或推翻现有制度/习俗）
"Her smoking is all the more subversive, it turns out, because her father treated patients with emphysema."
及时行乐（拉丁文‘把握当下’）
"She enjoys the 'cool carpe diem of secret transgression'."
越界、犯规（违反道德或社会规范的行为）
"She enjoys the 'cool carpe diem of secret transgression'."
令人陶醉的（带有失控快感的吸引力）
"He condemns in others a susceptibility to sin ('All are weak vessels waiting to be filled'). He also finds his own vulnerability 'intoxicating', and, when his slave washes him, the 'reversal of control arousing'."
空中主权者（隐喻：风的绝对支配地位）
"He condemns in others a susceptibility to sin ('All are weak vessels waiting to be filled'). He also finds his own vulnerability 'intoxicating' and, when his slave washes him, the 'reversal of control arousing'."
（性格上的）小缺点、弱点（通常带有宽容或幽默色彩）
"In their respective chapters, they emerge with a remarkable array of foibles, histories and contradictions."
驯化（使野生生物适应人类环境）；使变得温顺或日常化
"Later characters attempt to subjugate or domesticate the wind."
征服、使臣服（尤指通过暴力或强力压制）
"Later characters attempt to subjugate or domesticate the wind."
（作者创造的词）数十亿年（由'billion'和'millennia'混合而成）
"The wind whizzes through the 'billennia', witnessing waves of 'mass extinction' and, eventually, the arrival of humans."
严厉地批评或指责自己（带有自责意味）
"In Burntcoat (2021), a plague narrative written during the Covid pandemic, the main character, Edith, rebukes herself for her lack of foresight."
残余、痕迹（几乎完全消失后的细微存留）
"...until eventually 'all vestiges' of the human are shed."
（英式俚语）死亡（粗俗但略带幽默的委婉语）
"...who watches them scavenging, 'skirmishing', 'reproducing' and 'carking it'."
小规模冲突、短暂争执（通常指非决定性对抗）
"These 'up-monkeys' intrigue Helm, who watches them scavenging, 'skirmishing', 'reproducing' and 'carking it'."
嗖嗖地飞过（带有速度和轻快感的拟声词）
"The wind whizzes through the 'billennia', witnessing waves of 'mass extinction' and, eventually, the arrival of humans."
（如变魔术般）召唤、施展（法术创造）
"Its origins – when Helm was 'brewed' or 'conjured' or 'conceived' – are unclear."
（通过某种过程）酝酿、形成（尤指带有自然或神秘色彩）
"Its origins – when Helm was 'brewed' or 'conjured' or 'conceived' – are unclear."
听天由命、消极接受（一种被动屈服的心理状态）
"To surrender to resignation, the narrator knows, 'would be the beginning of the end', and yet the appeal of 'crawling into a calm little shelter' is hard to shake."
（暴力地）洗劫、搜掠（尤指彻底破坏性搜索）
"...a ferocious wind... is set loose by climate change to ransack towns and whisk the sea into surging waves."
凶猛的、极端的（尤指自然力量或情感）
"In her short story 'Then Later, His Ghost' (2014), a ferocious wind that had been 'kept in check by the old Gulf Stream' is set loose by climate change."
不赞成，反对，对…表示不悦。
"...which advocates limited soil disturbance and therefore frowns on the mechanical destruction of weeds."
受专利保护的。指某产品或工艺已被授予专利权，他人未经许可不得制造、使用或销售。
"As alternatives to patented seeds that prioritise yields, these have other useful properties such as resistance to drought, frost, disease or pests."
传统作物，遗产作物。指过去种植、非现代工业农业培育的传统品种。
"Through seed-saving and community seed banks, there has been a revival of diverse cultivars and varieties of heritage crops."
防止，避免（尤指不好的事情发生）。
"In a bid to avert mass starvation, civil unrest and a rise in support for the Japanese Communist Party, the government oversaw the transfer of two million hectares of farmland from landlords to cultivators through compulsory purchases and discounted resale."
（灾难、变化等的）边缘，关头。
"When the allied powers arrived in Japan at the end of the war, for example, the country was on the brink of a food crisis, with rice in dangerously short supply and many reliant on the black market to survive."
相反的潮流，对抗性的趋势。指与主流趋势相反，起抵消或平衡作用的力量或观点。
"What Clapp overlooks, however, are the countervailing currents."
栽培变种，栽培品种。指人类通过选择性育种培育出的植物品种，不同于自然变种。
"...self-reliant, small-scale farms planting a vast array of cultivars were replaced by larger systems planting seeds provided by the same manufacturers."
纠正，补偿（尤指不公正或错误）。
"In the immediate postwar years, there were significant US-led efforts to redress land inequality, such as the Land to the Tiller projects carried out in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Italy, and later in the Philippines and Vietnam."
相反的潮流，对抗性的趋势。指与主流趋势相反，起抵消或平衡作用的力量或观点。
"What Clapp overlooks, however, are the countervailing currents."
耕种者，农夫。特指自己耕作土地的人。
"In the immediate postwar years, there were significant US-led efforts to redress land inequality, such as the Land to the Tiller projects carried out in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Italy, and later in the Philippines and Vietnam."
单一栽培，单一种植。在大面积土地上只种植单一作物。
"It also meant, increasingly, a farming monoculture, as self-reliant, small-scale farms planting a vast array of cultivars were replaced by larger systems planting seeds provided by the same manufacturers."
分散，被排放到（通常指污染物在环境中扩散）。
"From there nitrogen made its way into the food, sewers and rivers of European countries, and was dispersed into the sea."
达到高潮，最终导致（通常指一系列事件后的最终结果）。
"The rush for nitrogen fertilisers that began in the 1840s culminated in the War of the Pacific (1879-84), during which Chile fought Bolivia and Peru for control of guano-rich coastal territory."
镀金时代。指美国南北战争后至20世纪初的一段时期，以经济快速增长、严重的贫富差距和腐败为特征。
"...J.P. Morgan intervened, in a manoeuvre typical of the Gilded Age, to broker a merger of the five largest firms: the International Harvester Company began trading in 1902."
促成合并。指作为中间人（broker）协调各方利益，最终促使两家或多家公司合并。
"...J.P. Morgan intervened, in a manoeuvre typical of the Gilded Age, to broker a merger of the five largest firms: the International Harvester Company began trading in 1902."
在此上下文中，指（一个大型组织的）地方分会、支部。
"Clapp discusses the Grange, an American farming coalition, founded in 1867, which copied the structure of the Freemasons to build a national organisation based on local chapters."
垄断，独占，完全控制（市场）。
"The machinery came first, with a few enterprising companies monopolising the market in the mid-19th century."
强有力的、咄咄逼人的影响或压力（常指商业或政治上的胁迫）。
"The problem is that farmers and commercial gardeners depend on the stuff, and Bayer has used that dependency to muscular effect – lobbying, commissioning favourable studies and threatening to halt commercial activity in countries that seek stricter rules."
抄袭的，剽窃的。指未经授权而使用他人的作品或想法并将其作为自己的。
"The previous extension of the licence was criticised by the European Parliament for relying on an assessment plagiarised from herbicide manufacturers."
无可辩驳地，不容置疑地。
"In a controversial ruling in 2023, the European Food Safety Authority said that the available data didn’t incontrovertibly prove the carcinogenic effects of glyphosate in humans."