Vocabulary

分流、按轻重缓急分配；医学上的伤员分拣；此处比喻细胞决定哪些基因保留或丢弃

"Whether human or goatsbeard, the cell immediately begins performing triage."

真核的；细胞具有细胞核和膜性细胞器的生物的

"Billions of years of evolution have optimized many eukaryotic cells, including those of plants and animals, for diploid genomes, where a cell carries two copies of each chromosome (one from the mother, one from the father)."

混乱；形容细胞在基因组加倍后失调状态

"What they found was chaos."

专题论文、专著；系统且学术性的论述

"In his treatise, Ohno hypothesized that all vertebrate genomes contained evidence of an ancient genome duplication event."

无数的、大量的；形容种类繁多

"To find out how a polyploidy event could be survivable, they would need input from plant biologists, who had myriad opportunities to watch it unfold."

来临、问世；指某种新技术或时期开始出现的重要时刻

"Until the advent of widespread DNA sequencing, polyploidy remained largely shrouded in mystery."

核苷酸；构成核酸的基本单体，含碱基、糖和磷酸

"When he started his lab in the early 1990s, he took advantage of a European Union initiative that would pay scientists 2 euros per nucleotide to sequence the genome of baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae."

侥幸、偶然；指极不可能发生的巧合

"Perhaps, Wolfe mused, what he saw in yeast was a fluke."

假定、认为；作为前提提出某种理论性说法

"In 1970, the Japanese American geneticist Susumu Ohno had published Evolution by Gene Duplication, which posited that the duplication of individual genes was an underappreciated source of evolutionary novelty."

杂交；不同物种或品系间交配产生后代

"They hybridized, and before long, two new species emerged with 24 chromosomes — twice as many as the original species."

全盘的、整体论的；指研究视角上关注整体而非单一组成部分

"Neiman’s team dated the snail’s genome duplication to less than a million years ago — incredibly recent in evolutionary terms, but long enough ago for the species to have begun the longer process of adjusting to its heavier genomic load."

多余的、剩余的；指多余的东西

"Almost as soon as the goatsbeard acquired the extra DNA, the plants started to tinker with their surplus of genes — changing some genes, getting rid of others, keeping a few, Douglas Soltis said."

被掩盖的、被遮蔽的；在此指多倍体现象很大程度上不被了解

"Until the advent of widespread DNA sequencing, polyploidy remained largely shrouded in mystery."

安详的、平静的；形容湖岸环境的宁静外观

"The serene shores of Lake Alexandrina are about as far from the Las Vegas strip as you can get, but that didn’t stop potamos from taking one of evolution’s biggest gambles."

三振出局；棒球术语，表示击球手三次挥空而被淘汰

"“We like to think of it as a baseball hitter that strikes out a lot, but when they do hit, it’s a home run,” said Douglas Soltis."

后果、余波；常指灾难或重大事件之后的时期

"By growing the plants from seed and studying their genomes, the Soltises could see what happens to cells in the immediate aftermath of genome duplication."

全垒打；棒球击球后跑完所有垒得分

"“We like to think of it as a baseball hitter that strikes out a lot, but when they do hit, it’s a home run,” said Douglas Soltis."

世界末日的；指极其严重、灾难性的

"Some researchers have noticed a pattern in which full-scale apocalyptic cataclysms, such as the asteroid collision that heralded the end of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, occur around the same time as clusters of genome duplications."

动力；推动力，句中指想法内在生发的推进势头

"It requires accepting that sometimes you get it wrong and that sometimes other people get it wrong. It makes you pull together a whole range of messy human bits and pieces... through histories of individuals and of peoples."

文献学；语文学。针对古文本的语言、历史与文化考证的研究

"It makes you pull together a whole range of messy human bits and pieces, from autobiography to philology to counting lines and underlining letters..."

可统一的；能融合成单一整体的属性

"That vision of the lyric ‘I’ as plural and surging but ultimately unifiable and inward-turning is a literary and political vision of a distinctively late 19th to late 20th-century American kind..."

凝聚成一整体；在文本批评中指向意象与主旨之间的系统协调和对齐

"All of this can go towards understanding the way a poem might cohere or interestingly not cohere."

最高程度地；无比地

"Literary criticism is a supremely occasional skill, where you have to be bold enough to operate where there aren’t any clear rules..."

缝合/拼接；此处比喻将不同声音史料组接在诗文中

"She briefly mentions ‘Middle Passage’ as one of Hayden’s ‘powerful sequences of African American history’ but avoids further discussion of the poem, which stitches together the voices of slave traders with grim rewritings of The Tempest..."

严厉指责；公开批评

"Rich’s angrier poems, which are directed not towards a genteel liberal ‘we’ but adopt an ‘audience-aimed style’ directed principally towards feminist readers, are rebuked for displaying a ‘regrettable coarseness'..."

喧闹嘲弄的街头噪音；历史上的民间惩罚表演，后来成为隐喻体裁或艺术中的不安骚动

"Hayden’s ‘festering’ transformation of Ariel’s song into a requiem for the forcibly transported was a kind of rough music that she may not have felt she had the vocabulary or perspective to describe."

难驾驭的、不守秩序的，此处形容无法被传统美学规则轻易收编的诗人或文本

"...building retaining walls of aesthetic principle around her canon which ensure that no one unruly enters into it."

护土墙/挡土墙；此处隐喻用以控制和排斥外来声音的防御性结构

"She was keen to appear open to the new and the different while behind the scenes building retaining walls of aesthetic principle around her canon which ensure that no one unruly enters into it."

准宗教性质的；具有宗教功能或情感但未完全属特定宗教系统

"Vendler’s view of lyric is distinctly para-religious – and the essay on Brontë which concludes this volume is about the way the language of religion can be transformed in the lyric..."

过于敏感或易恶心的反应；此处指在审美或道德层面刻意回避不安议题

"Vendler’s squeamishness about lyrics of protest and reform will mark her to some readers now as a liberal for whom literature should be always tolerantly multi-perspectival rather than dangerous or angry."

易变且不稳定的；此处隐含批评应具有短暂性和变革能量

"Literary criticism typically doesn’t have a long shelf life, and that’s in part because it is or ought to be volatile and occasional..."

因成长而不再适用于某物；此处指后一代人不再认同前代批评范式

"The best criticism will unsettle its own moment and then get unsettled or outgrown by the next generation."

偏执地、不容异见地；形容顽固坚持狭隘观点

"Nobody will last like Samuel Johnson, not even Samuel Johnson, who was bigotedly wrong about Milton..."

高台的高位；比喻受到高度尊崇的正式典藏位置

"Inhabit the Poem appears in the Library of America, alongside Nathaniel Hawthorne, Eudora Welty, Elizabeth Bishop, Herman Melville and Ursula Le Guin. That’s an elevated podium."

复调音乐；指多声部同时发声。文学上寓意多重视角/声音并存

"Underpinning her critical judgments is a high valuation of an ego-centred multiplicity of the Whitman sort, in which a polyphony of potentially antagonistic voices is harmoniously orchestrated..."

点缀星辰的指挥棒；暗喻美国式艺术愿景之统领权威，所有声音统一在伟大美国'I'之下

"...a polyphony of potentially antagonistic voices is harmoniously orchestrated, or at least held chaotically in time, by the star-spangled baton of the great American ‘I’."

正统的；此处指传统且保守的，尤其指关于经典作品的判断标准

"Her very orthodox canon (Yeats, Blake, Stevens, Whitman, Heaney) has always had space for women poets..."

令人震惊的、启发性的，此处形容认知上突如其来的顿悟时刻

"Then there should be a head-exploding moment of making connections..."

避雷针；此处隐喻批评家作为'能量传导中介'的角色，将文本能量传递给读者

"A good critic is a kind of lightning conductor who picks out the energy in what they read and passes it on to others."

古抄本；这里指代传统印刷书籍形式，与数字化或电子阅读相对

"The book is a very good advertisement for the old technology of the codex: to do reading as rethinking it helps to keep a finger on the page with the poem on it."

昏暗肮脏的；此处比喻'low-end'或'卑微的'，带贬义地形容市场力量的低俗本质

"...they concede so much to the dingy gods of the marketplace that they don’t capture the point..."

超个人的；超越个体经验或权威的，仿佛代表更高层原则的

"Her prose sometimes seems queenly. Other critics tend to be mentioned only when she thinks they’re wrong, and her use of the critical ‘we’ often carries the supra-personal authority of someone who doesn’t have reason to doubt her entitlement to the plural form."

此语境下指文学批评的'穷亲戚'或'次要相关领域'，暗含非正统、常被忽视的派生关系

"Even literary biography, literary criticism’s previously marketable stepsister, no longer brings a gleam to a publisher’s eye."

被工具化的，被当作实现功利目的手段的

"Combine all this with increasingly instrumentalised conceptions of what education is for..."

超个人的；超越个体经验或权威的，仿佛代表更高层原则的

"Her prose sometimes seems queenly. Other critics tend to be mentioned only when she thinks they’re wrong, and her use of the critical ‘we’ often carries the supra-personal authority of someone who doesn’t have reason to doubt her entitlement to the plural form."

唯利是图的，受贿的；此处形容论点带有纯粹的金钱动机或低级功利性

"Some of those arguments are not simply venal."