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起义者，叛乱分子，造反者。指用武装反抗现有政府或权力机构的个人或团体。
"Ayers, the son of a utility executive, ran a progressive children's school in Ann Arbor, while Dohrn, a suburban kid from Wisconsin, used her legal training to advise men how to evade the draft. But hot anger over the persistence of racism at home and the genocidal conflict in Southeast Asia convinced them radicals had a moral obligation “to bring the war home.” [作者隐含了他们从‘activists’变成‘insurgents’的转变，后文直接使用了'build bombs']"
迷人的，有强大吸引力的，令人着魔的。形容能牢牢抓住读者或观众注意力的作品。
"Now her son Zayd Ayers Dohrn, aged 49, has published a captivating memoir about how Dohrn, his father Bill Ayers and their comrades in extreme politics struggled to launch a violent revolution—and utterly failed at the task."
拉丁语，意为 ‘first among equals’ (同侪之首)。指在一个平权的团体中，被公认为最重要或最杰出的那一个。
"Beautiful, charismatic and audaciously self-confident, Dohrn was the primus inter pares of the several hundred radicals who broke up the 100,000-member Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in the rush to emulate their Third World heroes and heroines."
知己，心腹之交，关系极亲密的同志。'Bosom' 指胸部，引申为内心深处。
"But the jefe of Cuban communism and his bosom comrade Che Guevara had made their revolution with guns and bombs."
（尤指拉丁美洲国家政治或军事的）首领，头目。源自西班牙语。在此处指菲德尔·卡斯特罗。
"But the jefe of Cuban communism and his bosom comrade Che Guevara had made their revolution with guns and bombs."
预示；作为……的预兆或先兆。在此语境中，这些合作社等机构被视作未来理想社会的“先行版”或“微缩模型”。
"Such institutions 'prefigured' those that radicals longed to build in the ashes of the evil system they aimed to destroy."
被视为不证自明、普遍接受的公理或格言。在此语境中指被新左派成员当作信条的一句话。
"Every New Leftist in the late 1960s was familiar with that axiom, attributed to Fidel Castro, and most took it to heart."
（某类事物的）宝库，丰富的收藏（尤指有价值的或有趣的）
"A Treasure Trove of Cambrian Fossils Rewrites the Story of Early Life"
（非正式、宣传用语）敬请期待，继续关注
"Check out the lineup of this season’s guests below — and stay tuned for a surprise or two."
（为特定事件或活动安排的）阵容，一系列参与者
"Check out the lineup of this season’s guests below — and stay tuned for a surprise or two."
涵盖广泛的，内容丰富的
"The wide-ranging conversation explores the discovery and sudden rise of CRISPR as a tool that can modify genes in a highly precise manner, the successes and issues the work raised, and what comes next."
（尤指诺贝尔奖）得主，获奖者
"New episodes drop every other Thursday, kicking off on June 11 with biochemist and Nobel Laureate Jennifer Doudna, who helped revolutionize gene editing and biology as co-discoverer of the CRISPR-Cas9 system."
（口语、学术用法）详细分析，深入剖析；解开（复杂的思想或问题）
"Each episode features an in-depth conversation in which Steven or Janna sits down with a leading scientist or mathematician to unpack one big idea or area of research."
（知识或活动的）前沿，最尖端领域
"Each episode features an in-depth conversation in which Steven or Janna sits down with a leading scientist or mathematician to unpack one big idea or area of research."
逐渐削弱、破坏或消除（某物的一部分）；持续地做（某事）以最终完成
"Over the following decade, his lab would, in fits and starts, chip away at their obsession."
（使）增加，加速（尤指活动或产量）
"Immediately, the soil’s carbon emissions spiked. This, they speculated, was because the enzymes had ramped up a reaction that was already happening."
精心策划的，精心安排的（像指挥管弦乐队演奏一样协调有序）
"He needed to understand whether a metabolic process only known to occur in biological cells — a precisely orchestrated sequence of chemical reactions, requiring several molecules and enzymes — was unfolding in sterile soil."
费力地搜索出，查明（尤指秘密或难以发现的事物）
"When he shared the results with other researchers, they advised him to treat it as an experimental artifact — a source of error not worth ferreting out — and move on."
密封的，不透气的（通常指通过熔接或特殊工艺达到完全隔绝空气）
"Using a sterile syringe, the researchers periodically sampled the air in a hermetically sealed jar containing soil and measured its carbon content using a mass spectrometer."
少数，一小撮（人/物）
"“There’s a handful of researchers like myself that think, actually, we should organize our thoughts about life in a different way — that we actually should put metabolism at the base of what life is doing, and then genes are a way of controlling that at a higher level,” Moran said."
早于……存在；在……之前发生
"Such reactions — known as metabolism when performed by cells — could even predate life on Earth, Fontaine said."
（大量地）喷出，涌出（通常指气体或液体）
"Now, Fontaine and his colleagues have reported that their soil samples continued to consume oxygen and spew carbon dioxide for six years."
（用强烈的能或物质）轰击，照射
"His team sealed dirt into jars and blasted them with sterilizing gamma radiation."
完全缺乏，没有（某种特质或元素）
"The biochemist, who runs a lab at the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, wanted to know how much carbon is released by soil — just dirt alone, completely devoid of life."
任其自由发展，不加干预；听之任之
"The experiments show “what happens to biomolecules when they’re left to their own devices,” said Joseph Moran, an organic chemist at the University of Ottawa who was not involved with the research."
土块，泥块（强调其粗糙、原始、无机的形态）
"According to the authors, their results suggest that clods of earth can indeed catalyze these reactions without the presence of life."
充满，富于（大量活动的生物或事物）
"It was once thought that the Krebs cycle cannot occur outside the controlled confines of a cell, which teems with enzymes that keep everything ticking along and increases the chances that biomolecules will bump into each other."
（被）剥离，去除（某物的外层或关键部分）
"During metabolism, sugar is broken down into smaller carbon molecules, which feed the Krebs cycle — a series of reactions in which high-energy electrons are stripped from carbon-rich molecules."
（被）释放出来，脱离束缚（之前是细胞结构的一部分）
"Another explanation for the observed results could be that enzymes, loosed from the irradiated cells, might be hanging around in the soil and continuing their biochemical jobs."
深入探究，仔细研究（问题、奥秘等）
"By 2018, when Clémentin Bouquet joined the lab, the team was confident in its findings and ready to dig into the underlying mechanisms."
重新在（某个地区或环境中）定居、繁殖并占据主导地位
"When they experimentally added microbes to simulate contamination, the cells rapidly recolonized the soil microcosm and released much more carbon dioxide."
（在某处）闲逛，徘徊，（被残余的、不活跃地）存在
"Another explanation for the observed results could be that enzymes, loosed from the irradiated cells, might be hanging around in the soil and continuing their biochemical jobs."
（尤指机智或犀利的）应答，反驳
"E/acc, as it is known in online spheres, is billed as a rejoinder to effective altruism and has gained traction in recent years among Silicon Valley technologists and the new right."
宣言，声明（通常指官方或具有权威性的公开声明）
"Rather, it is an expression of what we might call “superhumanist” discourse. By this I mean that his proclamations largely revolve around the idea that humankind already possesses the power to become superhuman..."
虚无主义的，认为生命没有客观意义、目的或内在价值的
"Nihilism is, for Andreessen, generally associated with progressivism, though he is careful not to openly avow either right- or left-wing politics."
激励，劝告，力劝
"Later, he exhorts us to transform ourselves into such “technological supermen,” positioned against the “last men” of our time—the regulators, the experts, the ivory tower."
控制论共生：指人类与人工智能之间形成的一种相互融合、协同进化的关系
"We will be transformed by a runaway growth pattern of “intelligence,” leading to a cybernetic symbiosis between human and artificial life forms."
尝试性操作（不严谨地试验和调整）
"Cao started by playing around with existing error-correcting codes."
惰性的（没有活动能力或动力，此处指时空无法动态响应）
"“We knew how to build a space-time,” Czech said, but “this space-time was inert.”"
不可弥合的分裂（双方之间无法建立任何联系）
"And the divide was unbridgeable."
充实细化（使初步构想变得完整详细）
"He further fleshed out the relationship in the 2016 paper that impressed Cao."
连接性组织（比喻使结构各部分相连的关键要素）
"Entanglement, a quantum property that links particles to one another, seems to serve as space’s connective tissue."
一群相互作用的粒子（throng强调密集聚集）
"They described an exotic, static world as a throng of interacting particles, also arranged in a sphere."
深刻的理论视角变革（指根本性改变认知框架）
"For 50 years, theorists have been chasing a far more profound perspective shift."
视角转换大量存在（指物理学中常有不同描述方式）
"Perspective shifts abound in physics."
可弯曲性（此处指时空结构的弹性/曲率能力）
"Physicists including Charles Cao at Virginia Tech have recently determined how quantum particles could give space-time its bendiness."
意外的幸运事件（通常带来突破性进展）
"In the late 1990s, physicists had a stroke of luck."
难以想象的致密点（指奇点，密度无穷大的理论点）
"When a star dies and collapses, its mass is concentrated into an unimaginably dense point."
致命缺陷（导致整个理论或系统失效的根本错误）
"But general relativity has a fatal flaw."
清晰地提出一个（需要解决的）难题或任务
"Wheeler’s sentences also lay out a challenge that theorists face today."